Existentialism And Its Impact On Society Essay - 976 Words

Jean-Paul Sartre once said â€Å"man is nothing else but what he makes of himself.† The implications of this statement and his entire school of thought had a profound effect on society as a whole. Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard is often thought to be the first proponent of existentialism but never used the term as a self-describer and was categorized as an existentialist posthumously. Sartre derived his inspiration from Martin Heidegger and embraced the term, but he was hardly the only one to flirt with such thinking. Many philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Simone de Beauvoir, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Albert Camus and Fyodor Dostoyevsky were also influential existentialists. Although this branch of philosophy theorizes over many facets of human existence, one of its most innovative proposals was the true meaning of life. Scholar Frederick Copleston explains that Sartre believed that what â€Å"all existentialists have in common is the fundamental doctrine that existence precedes essence. As a result, each individual is free of preconceived notions assigned to them by society and religion. Everyone must be responsible for creating their own values and determining a meaning to their own lives. Existence precedes essence is a central theme in existentialism. This notion makes every person liable for their own actions instead of placing the blame on someone or something. As a result, every individual has the freedom to do what he or she chooses but must always assume responsibility insteadShow MoreRelatedExistentialism And Its Impact On Society1816 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Existentialism developed in the more extensive feeling to twentieth century rationality that is focused upon the investigation about presence and of the best approach people discover themselves existing or their existence as a whole. Existentialism takes its name from those philosophical topic of existence , this doesn t involve that there will be homogeneity in the way presence will be on be comprehended. On simpler terms, existentialism will be an logic worried for finding selfRead MoreShakespeares King Lear vs. Tuesdays with Morrie1495 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Existentialism was in part a reaction to modernism, but its roots can be traced to ancient philosophical traditions ranging from Zoroastrianism and Judaism, Buddhism and Platonism (Flynn). The essence of existentialism is authenticity of experience, asking the philosopher to undergo deep introspection. However, existentialism is perhaps most famous for its probing questions about what Friedrich Nietzsche called the tensi on of the soul, (2). Known colloquially as existential angst, the tensionRead MoreExistentialism in Literature and Science846 Words   |  3 PagesExistentialism is the philosophical approach or theory that emphasizes an individual’s existence as a free and responsible being determining his own development through acts of the will (â€Å"Existentialism†). What does that mean exactly? To make it easier to understand, that means humans as people are shaping their own destinies with every choice they make. That seems quite obvious, but to further understand the meaning of existentialism, it must be analyzed through the impacts it has had on bothRead MorePhilosophy of Education for Foundations of Education1520 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophies A. Philosophies 1. Existentialism B. Ways of Knowing 1. Eastern Ways of Knowing a. Chinese thought C. Styles of Teaching 1. Humanism III. Conclusion IV. References Introduction Education is an ongoing process based upon experience. The old adage you learn something new everyday is very true, and nothing fascinates me more than simply talking to other people; you can learn so much from them. Education is the foundation of our American society, and the children of today areRead More Existentialism in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesExistentialism in Things Fall Apart      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chinua Achebe presents his audience with an interesting twist to a contemporary school of thought in his work Things Fall Apart.   This post-colonization narrative incorporates several traits that revolt against normative philosophic systems and tralititious theories and beliefs of the existence of man and his place in the universe.   Achebes efforts are characterized by a small diverse group of writers that purge realizations of predestinationRead MoreExistentialism in Soldier’s Home by Ernest Hemingway Essay example531 Words   |  3 PagesThe saying â€Å"Existence precedes essence† is the slogan of existentialism. This element of existentialism is displayed throughout the short story â€Å"Soldier’s Home† by Ernest Hemingway. Of the different elements of existentialism, existence precedes essence is most evident in â€Å"Soldier’s Home†. Harold Krebs was a soldier in World War 1 who got back afew months later than the rest of the men from his town. He was forced to tell lies about his war experiences in order to get along and fit in with the peopleRead MoreFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, Notes From The Underground, And The Idiot1713 Words   |  7 Pagesyears later, in 1839, his father died, supposedly murdered by his serfs (Thomas, 8). Between 1864 and 1869, Dostoevsky â€Å"lost his first wife, his brother Mikhail, and his infant daughter† ( Thomas, 8). All of these unfortunate incidents had huge impacts on Dostoevsky’s writing. Alcoholic father figures, much like his own, appear in several of his works, most prominently with Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov from The Brothers Karamazov (Thomas, 8). The death of his mother provided him with experience thatRead MoreTechnology On Our Generation s Future1239 Words   |  5 Pagesrotary phones and advancing into Instagram, twitter and facetime. Technology dating back to 1943 when the first computer was created by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, and still has a major impact on our lives while still advancing every day (Computerhope). Technology has had both a negative and positive impact on human lives, although to a certain extent technology has gotten out of hand. In this essay, I will argue how technology plays a huge role in the future of our generation, and the positiveRead More Existentialism Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pagesone’s choices and decisions create a code for all of man. This set of codes creates the unwritten laws of people, which in turn create quot;good and bad.quot; If a person acts against this he can pray to God and ask for forgiveness. However, existentialism is indifferent to God’s existence, which makes the person fully responsible for his own actions. This causes despair because it leaves people with nothing to cling to when they have made the wrong decision. If God does not exist, then thereRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard To Find Theme Analysis879 Words   |  4 Pagespeople before and how â€Å"‘[everything] is getting terrible,’† also he remembers the day where â€Å"‘[people] could go off and leave [their] screen door unlatched’† (O’Connor 14). This comparison clearly displays the deterioration of the society which would produce a good impact on the youth such as, June Star and John Wesley, the grandchildren of the old lady. Nevertheless, nostalgia in the grandmother does not always result in a pleasant way because one time, â€Å"...she woke up and recalled an old plantation

Own Philosophy on Education Free Essays

My Philosophy on Education I admit that writing my own philosophy on education had me thinking tort quite some time. There has been a number of questions that emerged In my mind while pondering on coming up with my own philosophy. I asked myself why I want to teach, who I am going to teach and how I will become a future educator to these students. We will write a custom essay sample on Own Philosophy on Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, I first defined what an education theory meaner to me and Imagined a teacher I had that I look up to. Consequently, I hope can express my philosophy with the thoughts I have gathered. Personally, I consider the teaching profession as an honorable profession. It is through this profession that millions of learned men have become great professionals excelling on their own fields of expertise. With this, I can say that the teaching profession is a vital part of our system as it acts as the vehicle where one imparts knowledge to others. Furthermore, I see learning as acquiring knowledge or experience, This said acquisition is not only limited within the four corners of the room but is also experienced right outside the school – the environment. Students – believe that these are beings with Innate knowledge. They are not empty vessels, but are bodies that have this â€Å"natural knowledge†. Realizing that they have this what I call â€Å"natural knowledge†, it is l, the future educator, to come up with strategies and techniques that will trigger in awakening this knowledge and provide castles to have this developed Into something bigger, better, more productive and essential for the learner. When I was still a student, particularly In the university, was more motivated to teachers that were very friendly and approachable In and outside class. Moreover, was motivated with a classroom environment where I could feel a friendly intention among my classmates and cooperation and participation were both highly practiced and valued. Thus, can say that I am motivated with having a friendly teacher that creates a competitive environment focused on cooperative learning in class. With regards to learning, I do not expect students to have a full understanding of a certain lesson within a forty-minute or an hour class. I expect that they understand, but the absorption of such information should be reinforced by giving short tests and quizzes on the following days to come. Running a class is a difficult task. When I run my own class, I will make it sure that there is a friendly environment between me and my students. However, I will not let respect and the importance of discipline be compromised with the environment I will be creating. Inside the class, will let students be exposed in learning environments where they can easily grasp the ideas by providing them meaningful and real elite accusable. As an educator, I believe that I have the responsibility In shaping the minds of the young, developing their cognitive and psychosomatic skills, and making them Into expansible individuals of this country. My goal for my students Is to have them develop the â€Å"love for learning†. I strongly believe that when students love learning, they will learn to appreciate any lesson regardless to its TTY. For me to attain this goal, I will have them do activities that are connected and useful in their daily lives. I want to create a classroom environment where students have the equal chance to learn, be heard, and participate in any classroom undertaking. In a nutshell, as a future teacher, I am somebody who will see every potential Roth in students that they can be the best. I believe that every student has the responsibility over themselves that they can do their very best in surviving in the world. I see students as free beings; however, they have to be responsible enough to stand on their decisions because in anything that they do, it is their choice that they have made and they should know the pros and cons of it. I firmly believe that every individual can learn and one’s knowledge is developed through the educator and the environment around him or her. How to cite Own Philosophy on Education, Papers

Herbert croly in the first person Essay Example For Students

Herbert croly in the first person Essay Herbert CrolyI was born on January 23, 1869, in New York. Both my mother and my father were journalists. My fathers name is David Croly and my mothers name is Jane Cunningham. Some of my early on goals included graduating from Harvard University, and becoming a well-known journalist, both of which were later achieved. After graduating from Harvard University, I became the editor of Agricultural Record. In 1909, I published the book titled The Promise of American Life. In this book I stressed several of my political views, such as the need for a planned economy, increased spending on education, and a society based on brotherhood of mankind. Many people believe that this book influenced Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. In 1914, a good friend of mine by the name of Williard Straight, asked me to be the first editor of the New Republic. When the New Republic was first published in November 1914, only 875 copies were made. After a year of circulation this magazine published more then 15,000. This became a strong supporter of the views of Theordore Roosevelt and the Progressive movement. When World War I first broke out, I was against Americas entry. I wanted the United States to remain neutral. After I heard about the sinking of the Luistania, I supported Americas entry, and the New Republic became a supporter of Woodrow Wilson and his decision to declare war on Germany. After the war, I began to be very critical of Woodrow Wilson and his decisions. As it is stated, I said that the Treaty of Versailles was a treaty on annihilation. I also disliked the League of Nations, saying that it was an organization that would perpetuate rather then correct the evils of the treaty. Sales of the New Republic increased during the war, but declined in the 1920s. I remained editor of this magazine up until my death on May 17, 1930.

The Enigma Machine and How It Worked free essay sample

These substitutions occur because of the positions of the rotors on the inside of the machine. The rotors are first situated at any random letter in the alphabet and when the button is pressed, the letter that is at the beginning of the rotor is put onto the paper. Then if the same letter were to be pressed again, a different letter would appear because the rotor will have changed position. The fully typed and encoded message would be printed out and mailed to the person it was designated to and then that person would put in that code into their enigma machine and that machine would decipher the encoded message. Why did the Enigma machine work? : The enigma machine worked so well because there were so many different combinations of rotors that could have been used because each rotor had a different arbitrary sorting of letters. There were so many combinations for the enigma machine and its rotors. We will write a custom essay sample on The Enigma Machine and How It Worked or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Things became much more complicated when German scientists began to use 5 different rotors which could fit into only 3 slots, which increased the amount of combinations that could be used in the enigma machine. With all these rotors and so few slots that were used in the enigma machine, there were countless possibilities of combinations to choose from. When people were decrypting the codes they were sent, they had to make sure they put the rotors in the exact same position as the person who sent it. This would increase the amount of possibilities that the enigma machine possessed which made it a lot harder to crack because of all the possible combinations. My Goal: My goal in this paper is to answer several questions and provide my roof for these questions. I will be asking: 1. How many different ways can we fit 3 different rotors into 3 different slots? 2. How many combinations can we find if we have 4 different rotors that will fit into four slots? 3. How many combinations can I find if I have 5 rotors that can go into five slots? 4. How many combinations are there if I have 5 rotors but only three slots? 5. And finally, if I have 26 different starting places for each dial, how many start ing places would I have in total? Note: I will also be attempting to show many patterns that arise while searching for the answers to these questions and I will try to explain these patterns. List of Symbols: Before I begin, I feel it is important to list all the symbols that I will be using. I will be using the numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 to represent a rotor, with 1 representing the first rotor, 2 representing the second rotor, and so on. Rotors that I will be using Rotors that I will be using Amount of Rotors, slots, and combos Amount of Rotors, slots, and combos How will I proceed with this: I will first write out the amount of rotors, slots and combinations in a format like this: â€Å"X rotors: Y Slots: Z combinations†. Then underneath this general information I will write which rotors I will be using i. e. Rotors: 1/2/3. Then, I will show how I came up with the number of combinations. By looking at the amount of rotors and by representing each rotor with a number, i. e. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, I will be able to display all the possible combinations of the rotors. And then, underneath my combinations, I will write my explanation and, if there is one, the equation. A way we can visualize why this works is that if we were to take a rock that had 2 scratches on it, then take another scratch that had 2 scratches on it, and placed them next to each other, then in total there would be 4 scratches when the rocks were in that certain position. But if we were to arrange the rocks so that the rock that was in front of the other rock was now in the back, and the rock that was in the back was now in the front, we have a whole new position for the rocks that still have 4 scratches on them. They are the same scratches. Changing the position of the rock is like putting each rotor into a different slot every time, the rotors will not always be in the same slot every single time, they are in different positions every time, by taking into account the amount of slots, one can calculate how many positions several rotors can take. The idea of putting the rotors into different positions is the same idea of changing the position of the rock. By looking at how many rocks we have, we can figure out how many positions we can put them in. this is combinations. If we have 3 rocks, we can arrange them into 6 different positions. If we have 4 rocks, we can arrange each of them into 24 positions. This is why we use the amount of combinations of the rotors to figure out how many combinations are there for the dials in total. If we can multiply the amount of combinations by the amount of dials, we will figure out all the combinations for the dials. Equation: (Amount of combinations for rotors)(amount of dials on rotor)=Amount of total amount of combinations for dials.

Culture on performance Essay Example

Culture on performance Essay Example Culture on performance Essay Culture on performance Essay Gordon and DiTomaso (1992) also investigated culture strength as well as adaptability and stability and measured the growth of assets and premiums in eleven insurance companies over six years. This study suggests that culture strength and adaptability are positively related to profitability. Kotter and Heskett (1992) present various studies that support a link between culture and performance. In the first they examine the hypothesis that strong cultures are associated with performance and conclude that culture strength has a moderate positive relationship with long-term, economic performance. Their second study exploring the effect of a strategy-culture fit on performance suggests that culture contributes to performance on the condition that the culture fits the environment. Their third study compares twelve companies with performance enhancing cultures to twenty companies without such cultures. The results imply that companies with a performance-enhancing culture outperform companies lacking a performance enhancing culture by a wide margin. Marcoulides and Heck (1993) also provide convincing support for a link between culture and performance in their study of twenty-six American firms. Dimensions of organisational structure, values, task organisation, organisational climate and employee attitudes were measured along with gross revenue, product value ratios, market share, profit and investment returns. All the cultural dimensions were found to have an effect on performance. Denison and Mishra additionally report a link between organisational culture and performance and from their research conclude that profitability in large firms is best predicted by stability dimensions such as mission and consistency; that sales can be predicted by flexibility dimensions such as adaptability and involvement and that all cultural traits are positively related to return on assets, particularly mission. Despite the improvements in developing and testing the concept of the C-P link, the empirical studies presented in the 1990s nonetheless possess serious methodological and conceptual shortcomings. The major issues include the lack of agreed upon definition of culture; the questionable construct validity in operationalising the two variables in question, culture and performance; the relatively small number of organisations participating in each study; problems with respondents that are not representative of entire organisational cultures; and the direction of the relationship between culture and performance being ambiguous. Furthermore, the studies lack a relationship with each other and thus do not cumulatively build on one another. What is organisational culture? Ogbonna (1990 1996) suggests that there are as many definitions of culture as there are experts on the subject (see for example Jaques, 1952; Eldridge Crombie, 1974; Louis, 1980; Schwartz Davis, 1981; Gold, 1982; Pacanowsky ODonnell-Trujillo, 1982; Schein, 1985; Morgan, 1986; Lorrsch, 1986; Scholz, 1987; Denison, 1990; Kotter Heskott, 1992; Drennan, 1992; Williams, Dobson Walters, 1993; Brown, 1995- all of which provide varying definitions of culture) and that the definition adopted by each researcher is bound up in their view of the world and the methodology utilised. Ogbonna identifies two extreme arguments based in the conception of the subject. The two stances seem mutually exclusive- one viewing culture as something that an organisation is and the other as something an organisation has. If we view culture as something that an organisation has, culture can be seen as a powerful tool that can shape behaviour and establish premises for decision-making. When culture is viewed as something an organisation is, it cannot be controlled, as it is inseparable from organisation (Ogbonna, 1990 1996). Brown (1995) draws attention to the fundamental distinction between those who think of culture as a metaphor to be developed for understanding how organisations work and those who view culture as an objective entity. Most commentators on the subject of culture tend to regard culture as an objective entity, where an organisation including all systems and processes are elements of its cultural life. However if everything is considered part of the culture, it is impossible to use the concept to frame causal explanations of other aspects of organisational activity. Another approach to defining organisational culture views the concept as a set of basic assumptions (Schein, 1985). Members of an organisation possess these predispositions and are consequently led to work and think in certain manners. It is clear that there is a lack of agreed upon definition of organisational culture and since the manner in which we examine and research it is contingent upon the definition this has far-reaching implications. Definitions of concepts employed to help understand organisations are important in that they influence how we approach the phenomena they refer to, and determine operationalisation and measurement. Culture: cannot define it, how do we operationalise it? The operationalisation of organisational culture (the independent variable) is as problematic as its definition and considerably different in each study presented. Every quantitative study appears to operationalise culture in a different manner, questioning whether culture can be operationalised at all. The variety in the operationalisation of culture is evident in the empirical literature not only when considering characterisations of culture, but also when examining the plethora of questionnaire items utilised. The only dimension that repeatedly surfaces is adaptability and the variation in its opertationalisation and the lack of information in studies prevents an adequate comparison (Wilderum et al 2000). Clearly, the validity of a link between culture and performance is greatly undermined by the wide array of operationalisms of organisational culture and this in turn questions the constructs validity and prevents cumulation of a body of knowledge supporting the C-P link. Operationalising performance: The measurement of performance of organisations is also controversial and there is much academic discourse debating the issue (Christenson Gordon, 1999) In many cases publicly available performance data is not readily available and performance data are not consistent across industries. For instance Christenson and Gordon (1999) found in their exploration of industry moderated relationships between organizational culture that mutual insurance companies report no clear measure of profit and, therefore, no returns on equity and assets. Given the difficulties of equating variables across industries, and because they wished to include as many industries and firms as possible in the analyses, they focused on revenue growth as a single and narrow indicator of performance. Thus, some studies are forced to limit the relationship between culture and revenue growth and not to wider aspects of performance such as profitability, adaptability or efficiency Further issues also arise out of the operationalisation of performance. Many organisational performance researchers focus on the rational goal (profit maximisation) when studying profit-seeking firms. The performance is typically assessed using counting based indicators such as returns on assets, sales or equity. These measures are easily accessible and are generally considered comparable across industries. However, according to some commentators such measures are prone to manipulation, lack of consistency in accounting methods, and they have an orientation which is backward (Brown and Laverick, 1994; Kaplan Norton, 1992). Of the studies discussed in the C-P link section of this paper, most applied a pure financial performance approach (Calori Sarnin 1991; Denison, 1990; Gordon DiTomaso, 1992; Kotter Heskett, 1992; Marcoulides Heck, 1993). Rousseau (1990) utilised a unidimensional approach and four used multi-dimensional approach that Wilderom, Glunk and Maslowski (2000) suggest is good practice. However, the studies that did use multi-dimensional methods did not typically provide a sound theoretical basis for the decision on performance dimensions as required (Denison Mishra, 1995; Koene, 1996; Petty et al and Wilderom Van den Berg, 1998). Therefore of the empirical literature supporting a link between organisational culture and performance, the operationalisation of performance is inadequate and lacking in validity, once again questioning the C-P concept. What Theory? The concept of culture continues to be considered by managers and commentators as a key variable in the success or failure of organisational improvement. However several academics point out that although the concept is entering its third decade, debates about epistemology, manifestations of the concept and appropriate methodology persist, jeopardising the maturity of the concept (DiMaggio, 1997; Martin Frost, 1996; OReilly Chatman, 1996; Detert, Schroeder Mauriel, 2000). Detert, Schroeder and Mauriel (2000) claim there is a lack of consolidation followed by systematic empirical investigation concerning organisational culture and upon reviewing the literature it appears to me this is the case. It is even proposed that unless this hole in the research is addressed, the concept of culture as a driver of organisational performance will cease to exist (Firestone Lewis, 1998; Pettigrew, 1990; Reichers Schneider, 1990; Smart St. John, 1996). The literature provides several different approaches to theorising the link between culture and performance, although none appear to provide an adequate or valid explanation. Consequently, research investigating the link between culture and organisational performance lacks a clear theoretical conception of the phenomenon. One approach views that an organisations culture effects performance and success when culture is based on consensus or culture strength. This serves as a control system and leads to enhancement of the functioning of the organisation. The strong organisational culture is argued to facilitate goal alignment, lead to high levels of employee motivation and is able to learn from its past (Brown, 1995). However, the so-called strong culture theory is rife with flaws. For example, a strong culture may facilitate goal alignment, but this is not useful if the goals are not positive. It also cannot be assumed that all strong cultures are related to high levels of employee motivation. Brown (1995), for example points out that many UK public services have strong cultures, with less than motivated employees. Additionally, even though the literature presents examples of organisations with both strong cultures and superior performance, the evidence is circumstantial and not adequate to support the culture strength hypothesis. Furthermore, a relationship between two variables is not synonomous with causation or indicative of the direction of the realtionship. It is possible for example that performance effects culture. The strong culture theory also does not account for the fact that most organisations do not possess one single, unilateral culture. Another theoretical hypothesis postulated to explain the relationship between culture and performance suggests that high economic performance is associated with a strategically appropriate culture. In this case, varying cultures would be appropriate in different competitive environments and for different strategies. Unfortunately testing this theory objectively is difficult and Kotter and Hesketts attempt at doing so contains the methodological flaws discussed earlier. Additionally, there are conceptual issues such as accounting for changes in the environment, which would require organisations to also be culturally adaptive. The concept of adaptiveness relates to Denisons (1990) framework that includes an adaptability hypothesis, stating that a culture that allows an organisation to adapt to changing demands will promote effectiveness. Dennisons presents an explanatory framework encompassing involvement, consistency, adaptability and mission. However Denisons theory like, Kotter and Heskotts general features of the culture of organisations associated with economic success, is a one best culture framework, which is problematic (see Brown, 1995 for further explanation). Other researchers have postulated that the culture-performance link may be moderated or contingent upon some other variable such as the industry of the organisation. For example Christenson Gordon, (1999), report the existence of cultural practices that are industry specific, suggesting that the C-P link is not universal. It is clear from a brief discussion of C-P theory that there is an absence of a solid conceptual framework. Lim (1995), based on an analysis examining organisational culture and performance via a discussion of models of culture and empirical research conducted to investigate causal relationships between them reiterates that the culture-performance link remains unclear. There is a desperate need to improve on the application of the concepts involved and focus of methodological issues. Cumulative empirical research, based on a theoretical framework is required to validate the culture- performance concept. Can all managers create and use an organisations culture to improve organisational performance? If subsequent research shows that culture does affect performance, it is likely that creating, changing or using culture will be a difficult task. Depending on the conceptual viewpoint adopted, it could be considered impossible. For example, Krefting and Frost (1985 In Ogbonna, 1996) argue that culture simply exists and cannot be managed or created, because by definition assumptions exist without the individual being aware. Even commentators who believe that culture can be managed point to the difficulties in doing so (for example Uttal, 1983 Fombrun, 1983. In Ogbonna, 1996). Morgan (1997) also argues that managers can never control culture, but can influence others by being aware of their actions and fostering desired values. It is also important to note that not all managers have the expertise or leadership qualities to exercise adequate influence on others to create change. In conclusion, the contention that an organisations culture is a powerful tool that all managers can create and use to improve organisational performance is not supported by the literature. Although empirical studies appear to support a link between organisational culture and performance there are several issues which question the validity of such research. There is a lack of solid definition of organisational culture, there is no clear operationalisation of culture, the operationalisation of performance has been typically questionable and there is a lack of a conceptually sound framework. It is only when these challenges are tackled, and studies are more methodologically sound that research investigating the culture performance link can more effectively establish the predictive effect of organisational culture on performance. Following this, the challenge will be to determine if culture can actually be managed and to make the tool available to all managers to utilise optimally.

What does it take to get into the University at Buffaloâ€SUNY?

With an acceptance rate of 57%, the University at Buffalo is moderately selective. What does it take to get in? The largest campus in the SUNY system, the University at Buffalo is comprised of eight schools, including the only schools of architecture and law among SUNY universities. While it is particularly well-known for its School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, UB students can take advantage of a wide range of stellar academic programs. UB also boasts notable alumni including Wolf Blitzer, Terry Gross, and Jeremy Jacobs. Applicants may apply to UB using the Common Application, Coalition Application, or the SUNY Application. If you use the SUNY Application, you must also complete a supplement . If you plan to apply using the Common Application, be aware that two SUNY Buffalo institutions are listed. You should select â€Å"University at Buffalo (SUNY).† On the SUNY Application, UB is listed as â€Å"Buffalo, University at.† Along with your application, you will submit your SAT or ACT scores. UB does not require but does recommend submitting the writing or essay portions of the SAT or ACT. In order to increase your chances of admission, advises submitting this section of your choice exam. You will also need to submit your high school transcript and a letter of recommendation from a teacher or counselor. Applicants may apply by the nonbinding Early Action (EA) deadline of November 15 or by the Regular Decision deadline of February 1. While prospective students should aim to apply by one of these deadlines, UB notes that students may continue to apply for consideration until the university reaches full capacity for its freshman class. If you wish to be considered for scholarships, however, you must apply by December 15. Keep in mind that some scholarships require separate applications. UB is moderately selective, with an acceptance rate of 57%. Its EA acceptance rate is considerably higher at 83.6%. While many EA applicants apply to UB as their first choice and are therefore more likely to be strong candidates, applying early can give any competitive applicant an advantage, and considering that the plan is nonbinding, it is helpful to apply under this plan if you are able to meet the early deadline regardless of whether or not UB is your first choice. For the class of 2022, the middle 50% range for the combined critical reading and math sections on the SAT was 1190-1350 and 25-30 for the ACT. On a scale of 100, the middle 50% range for high school GPA was 91-96. To be a competitive applicant, you should aim to have scores and a GPA closer to the upper end of this range. UB performs a holistic review of applicants, evaluating your academic record as well as other factors such as your personal essay, recommendations, activities and special talents, leadership, life circumstances, and more. While UB does not require any specific coursework as prerequisites for admission, the university does suggest that prospective students complete the following by their high school graduation: Students who have not completed this coursework may still be admitted but will likely need to take additional courses after matriculating. To be a strong candidate for admission, you should aim to complete this coursework during high school.   Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Emphasize your strengths and choose the most suitable program. UB does accept applicants who have not stated an anticipated major; however, you should still demonstrate strengths in certain areas to ensure that you are admitted into the correct school for you, as evidenced by your extracurricular participation and coursework. For example, if you are considering pursuing a major in the humanities in the College of Arts and Sciences, even if you’re undeclared, you should demonstrate proficiency and interest by challenging yourself and performing well in your English, history, and foreign language courses and by participating in corresponding extracurricular activities, such as a foreign language club. Keep in mind that some programs have additional requirements or are limited enrollment. For example, the Department of Music and the Department of Theatre and Dance require applicants to complete an audition as part of the admissions process. Additionally, engineering applicants will receive a more rigorous review to assess their â€Å"readiness† in key science and math disciplines. Some majors, including architecture, art, biological sciences, business administration, engineering, exercise science, and nuclear medicine technology, admit freshmen directly, while the others admit students in their sophomore year. Your coursework and extracurriculars should demonstrate a strong interest and aptitude in your specific discipline if you choose to apply to these programs directly. Identify special programs. UB offers special programs to some qualifying students. These programs can help you gain admission, as well as give you opportunities you may not have had otherwise. For example, the Educational Opportunity Program offers a path for talented students who have not been able to reach their full academic potential due to educational, economical, or personal circumstances. If you qualify for this program you will receive benefits such as mentoring, scholarships, and more. This means that even if you haven’t excelled due to circumstances beyond your control, you may still have the opportunity to attend UB. Learning about these programs and demonstrating your strengths in other ways can mean the difference between acceptance and rejection. Because UB thrives on its diversity and celebrates student from all backgrounds, it also offers guidance to international applicants. Check out the International Undergraduate Admission Office website for details on applying, including additional requirements and the steps for applying for a student visa. Additional special programs include the Honors College . Among seminars and other courses, Honors students will complete a course on teamwork and service learning. To apply for the Honors College, you will select it as an option in the Academics section on your application. Keep in mind that is is much more selective than general university admissions, with a class size of 350 students. Successful applicants are generally within the top 10% of incoming freshman and have demonstrated civic engagement, intellectual curiosity, resilience, and other qualities. Being denied admission to any college, particularly one of your top choices, is disappointing. Still, it’s important to take a step back and regroup. If you get rejected from UB, here’s what you can do: Take a gap year or transfer in. If you had your heart set on UB but received bad news, one option is to take a gap year and reapply next admissions cycle. If you do decide to go this route, make sure you have a productive plan for the upcoming year. You might undertake a research project, volunteer, study to improve your SAT scores, or take classes at a local college. Do know, however, that this path is risky, as taking a gap year won’t ensure your acceptance the second time around. You could also begin your studies at another institution with the hopes of transferring. Approximately 2,300 students transfer to UB annually. Note that there are certain minimum admission criteria for transfer students and some programs have additional transfer admission requirements; for example, Biochemistry requires a departmental application and a GPA of 3.0 in prerequisite courses, along with a 2.0 GPA overall. Keep it in perspective. Even if UB was your top choice, chances are, you’ll find a way to make the best of your experience at another college. College really is what you make of it, and if you put effort into adjusting to another school by joining clubs, working hard in your classes, and cultivating a healthy social life, you’ll likely find that you can make a fulfilling college experience for yourself, even if you end up at your second or third choice college. When you sign up for our program, we carefully pair you with the perfect admissions specialist based on your current academic and extracurricular profile and the schools in which you’re interested. Your personal application specialist will help you with branding, essays, and interviews, and provide you with support and guidance in all other aspects of the application process.

Operation Fine Girl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operation Fine Girl - Essay Example lt my stomach turn, I wanted to throw up as I sat listening to the accounts of how parents were killed or made to watch as their daughters were raped. As the video stated, Sierra Leone is classified as the poorest country in the world and it shows in the way that they treat their women and the way that a majority of the country obviously lives in abject poverty. I feel that the United Nations Human Rights Commission should step into this situation and put an end to the atrocities and sexual abuse against women. The women of Sierra Leone need to be saved and shown that they actually have a future even though they are rape victims. They need to be taught that the rape was not the end of they are. Rather, it is only the beginning of their lives. They are not the enemy of their country but its backbone. They are not sex slaves, but women who deserve all the respect that should be accorded to them as the givers of life. They do not deserve to be raped, held hostage for years on end, and then discarded like a piece of

TMA01 Prometheus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TMA01 Prometheus - Essay Example There is no poetry, no artistic liberty, and certainly nothing to spark a discussion of his exploits thousands of years later. However, in most accounts, he is a Titan, a giant man or god who attempted to overthrow Zeus, and is the brother of the equally unfortunate Atlas. His personal lasting mark is strangely a side-effect of both his compassion for mankind and his contempt for the gods: bringing fire to the human race. This single act would solidify his martyr status, as he would spend an eternity at the bottom of the pecking order. Zeus sentenced him to survival. Zeus was not known for his mercy; this survival entailed being chained to a rock and eaten by an eagle, which is an animal widely acknowledged to symbolize justice and, ironically, equality. Beyond that, he shares a semi-divine status with Hercules, the demigod who would later release him from his torturous sentence. After this escape, his name was selected to grace the sky as one of the moons of Saturn (Dictionary.com, LLC, 2010). Hesiod’s account of Prometheus fits neatly into the tale of Thegonia, the birth of the gods. Hesiod sought to accommodate the many tales of the development of the gods and of Greek mythology through the production of one cohesive narrative. In particular, there is a constant war between the perspectives of the gods, men (who are represented as having a characteristic kinship with animals), and of the multitudes of characters in between the two extremes. Unlike many writers before him, Hesiod also cast off the ulterior motives of establishing a divine role in human authority. By his reasoning, the gods had a hierarchy as headed by Zeus and granted little importance to the affairs of men- unless they defied godly commands or desires (Vickery 1966, pp. 86-87). As an embodiment of the human spirit of defiance, brothers Atlas and Prometheus would defy the gods and be made martyrs. What makes them iconic is their status as a party between men

Discuss the role of John Proctor Essay Example for Free

Discuss the role of John Proctor Essay Discuss the role of John Proctor in The Crucible. Why does he choose to die at the end of the play? John Proctor is the protagonist of the play The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller. This is because Miller uses Proctor as a character to help the audience understand the characters experience. He does this by either making sympathetic expressions or the actions that Proctor makes, whether they are violent or confusing. Miller makes us feel sympathetic for Proctor when Proctors wife, Elizabeth gets taken away to court for being accused of doing the devils work. Proctor knows she is innocent but nobody will believe him. In Act I, John Proctors role is to introduce himself and show his character: Be you deaf? I forbid you leave the house did I not? (Proctor, Act I) This comment suggests he likes to be powerful and in control, in this case, by being forceful. He feels strong about hypocricy, but is even-tempered. Miller tells us that in the presence of Proctor a fool felt his foolishness instantly. He also tells us that proctor is a sinner against his own vision of decent conduct, of which he is talking about the affair with Abigail Williams. This is dramatic irony as, only three characters (including Proctor) are aware of this. When we first meet Proctor he is with Abigail, Mary and Mercy Lewis. Abigails first words are: Gah, Id almost forgotten how strong you are John Proctor! (Abigail, Act I) John Proctor quickly realises what she is implying and replies: Whats this mischief then? (Proctor, Act I) This shows he doesnt want anything to happen between him and Abigail. No, no Abby. Thats done with. (Proctor, Act I) Later on he replies with this to Abigail, and this shows he is strong-willed, recognises what is happening and the mistake. However Abigail thinks that John is just playing around with her and speaks of how he clutched her back behind his house and sweated like a stallion. I may have looked up. (Proctor, Act I) This quotation suggests that Proctor is still interested and this brings across a message that people dont change, in this case Proctor a sinner, but then the strong, powerful part of his character comes across and he threatens to whip her, to which the stage directions say shaking her. This suggests he regrets the affair and wants no more to do with Abigail. As an affair is more likely to have happened in the 20th century, the audience sympathise with him as the play is set in the late 17th century, so Proctor is a man ahead of his time. When Proctor meets Hale, he wants him to make Salem more realistic. He shows his sensible character, but could also be seen that Proctor is trying to be in charge and think he knows too much: He dont believe in witches. (Giles, Act I) I never speak of witches one-way or the other. Will you come Giles? (Proctor, Act I) Ive heard you to be a sensible man Mr Hales. I hope youll leave some of it in Salem. (Proctor, Act I) Act II shows Proctors house, and Proctor is tense, which brings tension upon the audience. He carries a gun, which suggests insecurity among Salem, and himself. He places it leaning on the wall, which is an accessible point, again showing insecurity. It makes the audience feel inferior. AS Elizabeth walks down the stairs he goes to a basin washing his hands and face. This is symbolic as he is trying to forget the affair, because he feels so guilty. This builds more tension: What keeps you so late? Its almost dark. (Elizabeth, Act II) This comment of Elizabeths shows she is anxious and suspicious of his whereabouts. He replies that he was planting far out the forest edge. Then goes on to say: Pray now for a fair summer. (Proctor, Act II) He is trying to please his wife, still feeling guilt. He says with a grin: I mean to please you, Elizabeth. (Proctor, Act II) Elizabeth replies, although hard to say, which suggests denial or disbelief: I know it, John. (Elizabeth, Act II) Proctor and Elizabeth fear each other, and this illustrates the feature of the play-fear. Their short sentences and being silent suggests this, and also brings tension upon their marriage, and the audience. Act II is mostly to do with John Proctor, the visiting of Hale to which he is questioned about his religious efforts, his arguments with his wife, his suspicions of the witchcraft in Salem and Abigail, and the arrest of his wife. He grabs the search warrant off Cheever: Proctor, you dare not touch the warrant. (Cheever, Act II) Ripping the warrant. (Stage directions, Act II) This is Proctors angry side. He knows what Abigail is up to, yet no one will believe him. They go on what Abigail says. As he rips up the warrant, he puts a reputation to his name at the courts of the Witch trials. Act III shows Danforth, a deputy governor, talking to Proctor about witchcraft. He is questioning about the pretence that Mary Warren has confessed. He wants a second view from John Proctor: We burn a hot fire her; it melts down all concealment. (Danforth, Act III) This relates to the title of the play The Crucible. It is a metaphor of a crucible, which points out the message of the play. As a crucible is a container in which metals are heated to extract the pure elements. In the play, witches are to be purified and to come back to God. When Mary is in court, Proctor is determined to get the judges to see what is really happening. He goes into the courts and confesses his sin of adultery with Abigail to try and make the judges see how much of a whore she really is. He risks his well-preserved name to save his wife from being hanged. The judges have no proof: In her life, sir, she have never lied. (Proctor, Act III) Here he talks of Elizabeth, and he thinks she will tell the courts the truth of the affair, but instead she thinks the courts dont know. She worries that she is risking her husbands well-dignified name, and lies: Answer the question! Is your husband a lecher! (Danforth, Act III) No, sir. (Elizabeth, Act III) Proctor gets taken into jail for perverting the course of justice: Marshal! Take him and Corey with him to the jail! (Danforth, Act III) Hale realises what is happening and quits the courts. Act IV is tragic, bringing the death of the hero of the play. Danforth is doing almost anything he can to get a confession from Proctor. For example he gets Elizabeth, his wife that he tries so hard to please, to go and talk to him. They understand what Proctor meant by all the lies. Abigail ran off the Barbados. When Proctor sees Elizabeth again, it creates a tragic atmosphere. To them it seems almost unreal, like they didnt think they would see each other again. The short, quick sentences that they exchange give us a sense of tension: You are a marvel, Elizabeth. (Proctor, Act IV) You have been tortured? (Elizabeth, Act IV) As she asks Proctor this it proves that she wants to forgive him, and that she wants to love him again. He decides to confess about witchery, for Elizabeths sake. Once the confession has been written down he grabs it, saying: You have all witnessed it it is enough. (Proctor, Act IV) He refuses to sign his confession. He doesnt want to blacken his name anymore: God knows how black my sins are! It is enough! (Proctor, Act IV) If he doesnt give it back, or sign the confession, he will be hanged, he will be killed. Instead he rips it like, just like he did the warrant/ He decides to die. The atmosphere turns tragic and goes still. The audiences reaction is also tragic, but also understandable after all, that was the role of John Proctor. He chooses to die because he would blacken his name, and his childrens name Proctor. He realises he has ruined his reputation from the affair, and that the courts in Salem were finished. He couldnt lie anymore. He chose his own death rather than betrayal of his conscience. This shows us that he too has come through the fire to be purified, just like the pure elements extracted from the metals in a crucible.

Dulce et Decorum Es :: essays research papers

An Analysis of â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† Dolce et Decorum Est is the product of Wilfred Owen’s frustration, not only against those who repeat the old lie â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, in other words, it is sweet and right to die for your country, but also against a certain kind of poetry. Through his poem, Owen who himself took part in World War 1, has no difficulty to convince us that the horrors that took place at this moment far outweighs the idea of those who encourage war. In this essay, I will approach the symbolic significance of the poem by analysing each stanza. In the first stanza, Owen sets the scene. This stanza contains a lot of simile and metaphors that shows us how crushed these men are, physically and mentally. Soldiers are turning their back to the lights of the battle field â€Å"Till on the haunting flares we turned ours backs†. Exhausted, their knees are touching â€Å"knock-kneed†, tired of supporting their heavy backpack â€Å"like old beggars under sacks†. The condition of the poor soldiers is so miserable that the author compare them to â€Å"old beggars† and â€Å"hags† (ugly old woman). Some men had lost their boots and the only shoes they have is the blood on their feet â€Å"blood-shod†. They are walking painfully, not even hearing the noise made by the shells rushing through the air â€Å"deaf even to the hoots†. Then, little bye little, soldiers struggle away from the battle field, shells now falling behind â€Å"Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind† . In the second stanza, the author is focusing on one man who, because of stress and fatigue was not able to put his gas mask in time. The author describe the pain of this poor man throughout a big underwater metaphor: â€Å"flound’ring†, â€Å"green sea†, â€Å"drowning† and â€Å"plunges†, in the third stanza. Plugged by the glass in the eyepieces of the gas masks and the green light (chlorine gas) â€Å"Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light†, Owen can see his comrade succumbing to the poison gas. In the third stanza, our speaker compare the scene to a nightmare. Owen will never forget the images of his friend, dying: â€Å"plunges at me†, â€Å"my helpless sight†. Dismayed, Owen can’t do anything to help his friend. In line 16, by guttering, the speaker was probably referring to the sound in the throat of the man, that was gurgling like water draining down a gutter.

Confucianism’s similarities to virtue ethics Essay

Confucianism, the ancient social philosophy of China, would have had no ethical parallel in the West as little as 30 years ago. There are some small similarities that it holds with utilitarian ethics and deontology. There is very little in ethical egoism or relativism that lines up with Confucianism. I believe that virtue ethics, however, as laid out in Alasdair MacIntyre’s book After Virtue bears a striking resemblance to Confucianism. One important feature of Confucianism, according to John Koller, is that it is an essentially humanist philosophy; in other words, human beings are the ultimate source of values. This is in apposition to Supernaturalism—which claims that values ultimately come from God, and naturalism—which believes that values come from nature. Thus, Confucianism, answers the question of â€Å"How can goodness and harmony be achieved? † by looking for exemplars and principles in humanity itself. This is strikingly similar to the picture that Alasdair MacIntyre paints of the world. According to MacIntyre, most of the ethical language and arguments that are thrown around between ethicists and even everyday people is fundamentally incomprehensible or incoherent. Ethical prescriptions used to be based on a common belief in God and the ways in which He has ordered the universe. In today’s world, however, we no longer share that common belief, but we have kept the structures and language of our old ethical systems without the foundation stones on which they were originally built. To remedy this ailment, MacIntyre proposes going back to a kind of virtue ethics, an essentially humanist philosophy that defines virtuous behavior as what a good man would do. Like Confucianism, virtue ethics looks to neither God nor nature, but rather humanity to find the principles by which to live. Furthermore, both Confucianism and virtue ethics focus less on the rightness of actions themselves, but rather on the development of virtuous people. Koller, notes â€Å"The Confucian idea that virtue, rather than law, should be the basis of government†¦ †. Similarly, virtue ethics sees ethical behavior as ultimately driven by character, not by rules (deontology) or consequences (utilitarianism). Both Confucianism and virtue ethics are interested in cultivating people â€Å"skillful† in doing good as the basis of a stable society.

Television, a Waste of Time And Money Essay

Television has become progressively more popular through the old ages since it was foremost invented. In fact it is so popular that about every place in America has one or more telecasting sets. Television started when Edwin Belin. an English adult male. held the patent for the transmittal of exposure by wire every bit good as fibre optics and radio detection and ranging. which demonstrated a mechanical scanning device that was an early ascendant to modern telecasting. With Television sets about everyplace in sight. a job with non merely the young person of America but besides affecting teens and grownups has erupted. As the popularity of Television increased so did the hours watched and hence. the rate of force sky rocketed. If the hours of telecasting exceed three hours a twenty-four hours the rate of force both seen and committed additions dramatically. In 1993. the mean kid was watching 8. 000 slayings and 10. 000 Acts of the Apostless of force before go forthing simple school ( Hepburn 244-249 ) . With all the picks of premium overseas telegram. HBO and many others. it’s non surprising that Television is lifting in monetary value excessively. Television has caused legion Acts of the Apostless of force and the statistics are still lifting. If the hours of telecasting are slimmed to less than an hr a twenty-four hours the violent Acts of the Apostless. will diminish. Many people watch telecasting as a everyday and mundane at about the same clip they will watch their favourite show or shows. Blending telecasting into your day-to-day modus operandi is non merely bad for you but sets aside precedences that are more of import like school work. Television draws in Families every dark About every household in the USA tickers premier clip telecasting ( 5-9 o’clock ) on hebdomad darks and with 99 % of families that own at least one telecasting. there are non many households that don’t watch Television on hebdomad yearss ( â€Å"Television† ) . In fact. surveies show that 66 % of U. S. places have three or more Television sets ( â€Å"Mediascope† ) . It is really dearly-won non to advert if you are in hunt to purchase the newest or biggest telecastings out at that place. Televisions non merely can set a strain on a household financially but with some households that watch up to or more than three hours of Television it can side track a household from its aims. During the 90’s each household averaged approximately 50 hours of telecasting weekly ( â€Å"Teen-agers† ) . Now come ining the new decennary the statistics have grown with the new types of telecasting since the 90’s. Once households start watching Television. it becomes a everyday that is non easy to interrupt. Many households are drawn to competition shows. where the whole household can take part and play along. The Steady Increase of Violence on Television Shows Television shows have become more violent in clip and it targets the young person and manipulates the kids to believe it is acceptable to perpetrate Acts of the Apostless of force. 59 % of force is shown on basic overseas telegram which is what most kids watch ( â€Å"Mediascope† ) . Children are really easy swayed to happening person to look up to. Many childs are into the â€Å"bad guys† and the strongest or most evil Television characters out at that place. When kids idolize characters on telecasting they are more likely to move the manner they do. 67 % of plans depict force in a humourous manner ( â€Å"Mediascope† ) . Showing the Acts of the Apostless of force in a humourous manner makes it look harmless to the kids. Childs who have premium channels on their telecastings are even more prone to perpetrating a violent act. Shows like HBO’s Oz. averaged 76 violent Acts of the Apostless per episode ( Hepburn 244-249 ) . Cartoons frequently depict at that place secret plans in a violent manner. Cartoons are a perfect illustration that shows how the young person of America is targeted at an early age. The major Television webs like Fox. CBS. and ABC play a large function in the rise of force across the state. Television webs like these. feel that force brings in the viewing audiences and the more viewing audiences the more money that the web makes. When Television was merely turning in popularity. the shows so were a batch different. Of class. there was still some force but really limited and no swear words or realistic particular effects. For illustration â€Å"Leave it to Beaver† and â€Å"Dike Van Dyke† which started in the 50’s. was non-violent and still popular plenty to draw in the viewing audiences get downing whole new tendencies. Today on the other manus. realistic effects to do horror scenes seem about existent have corrupted the populace. Shows like â€Å"CSI† and â€Å"Space Troopers† have legion violent Acts of the Apostless that are really in writing particularly to childs. The alteration through the decennaries has been great and more become more violent than of all time. What is to come in the hereafter? Will the force become even more vi olent? Or will at that place be a halt to the up rise in violent Acts of the Apostless all together? Television Effectss In the long tally. telecasting will impact non merely kids but teens and grownups excessively. With all the violent Acts of the Apostless seen on about every Television show the kids become frightened of the universe around them. â€Å"Eventually after watching all these offenses and violent Acts of the Apostless. the kids will be less sensitive to trouble and agony of others† ( Zuckerman ) . As most parents know. kids will make what they see. Many kids. non cognizant of what’s incorrect and right yet. will â€Å"mimic what they hear and see on TV† ( Zuckerman ) . It’s a parents occupation to watch over his or hers child and make certain they are non witnessing an inordinate sum of refuse or telecasting. presuming the parents are stable and non already addicted to Television. Statisticss show that teens ticker more telecasting than anything else that includes listening to music and reading ( â€Å"Mediascope† ) . Teenss are now in the old ages of re bellion against their parents and want to watch more mature shows that they can associate to. â€Å"Most adolescent prefer grownup scheduling that trades with turning up. drugs. sex and alcohol† ( Zuckerman ) . Teens that are stressed out by mundane things like school. classs and parents are more likely to watch Television every free minute they get. Television gives them a opportunity to loosen up and bury about day-to-day jobs and problems. Adults are besides portion of the rebellion in violent Acts of the Apostless committed due to the effects of telecasting. 76 % of typical violent culprits are grownups ( â€Å"Mediascope† ) . As we look around the violent universe we live in. it’s non flooring that all kids turn out as a deranged felon or liquidator particularly when kids look up to grownups for counsel. With the offense rates steadily increasing and telecasting in the hot place for the incrimination possibly a forbiddance of telecastings is in order. TV’s influence on the population Television affects everybody including childs. teens and grownups when they watch inordinate sum of Television each twenty-four hours. Parents should restrict there childs while they are immature so it’s non difficult to draw them away when they’re in their adolescent old ages. Today shots and slayings are more common than 20 old ages ago and no happenstance that the mean hours of telecasting a twenty-four hours have been lifting of all time since. Television makes existent slayings seem like nil to childs because they don’t yet understand the world from their Television universe. If the childs watch inordinate sums of Television when they are truly immature. they will respond to what they saw on Television when they are in a crisis or job in there life. when they grow up. Television is one of the negative effects of engineering and detecting new things. â€Å"Our findings suggest that responsible parents should avoid allowing their kids to watch more than an hr of Television a twenty-four hours. † ( Hepburn 244-249 ) . Hepburn besides stated â€Å"I was surprised to see a five fold addition in aggressive behaviour from less than one hr to three or more hours† ( Hepburn 244-249 ) . The universe with telecasting does non travel manus in manus any more. With force quickly increasing. the offense rates rocketing. it’s lone clip before there’s no more Television or people left. Television. in the terminal These big doses of telecasting are shown by the offense rate of today. Children who watch more than three hours of Television a twenty-four hours are really likely to perpetrate a violent act with in their life. Television will likely be about for a really long clip and it is the parents that are responsible for how much clip their childs ticker. Parents are non to be blamed wholly but there is a good portion that does rely on them to steer their childs the right manner and restrict the hours of Television they watch mundane. Jennifer Zuckerman claims â€Å"parents are responsible on how much Television is allowed and what stairss should be taken† . If you watch your kids and bound there hours of Television a twenty-four hours there is a good opportunity that the child will be less likely to be involved in a violent act. Television is normally a consequence of ennui. a clip to loosen up and non make any physical work. 73. 5 % of people watch Television when they are non making any thing ( â€Å"Television† ) . Television is a major cause of the bulk of violent Acts of the Apostless committed in the last few old ages. The lone manner for a lessening in the nation’s force is to restrict the sum of telecasting we watch and to restrict the kids from big sums of telecasting. If the rise of force still increases at a steady velocity. the lone manner to halt it is to either travel to the manufacturers or convert the people to turn on telecastings and take them from their places. Plants Cited Hepburn. Mary A. â€Å"TV Violence! A Medium’s Effectss Under Scrutiny. † Social Education. Sept. 1997: 244-249. SIRS Researcher CD-ROM. CD-ROM. SIRS Mandarin. Fall 2002. â€Å"Mediascope. National Television Violence Study. † Executive Summary. 1994-1995: N. P. SIRS Researcher CD-ROM. CD-ROM. SIRS Mandarin. Fall 2002. â€Å"Teen-agers Who Watch More Television are Prone to Violence† . The Seattle Times. March 28. 2002: N. P. SIRS Researcher CD-ROM. CD-ROM. SIRS Mandarin. Fall 2002. â€Å"Television Violence: A Review of the Effectss on Children of Different Ages† . Science 1995 ; N. P. Zuckerman. D. â€Å"What is to Blame for Youth Violence? † 21. March. 2003. World Wide Web. surgeongeneral. gov/library/youthviolence

Outline and Evaluate the Use of One Qualitative Method in the Academic Study of Sport Essay Example

Outline and Evaluate the Use of One Qualitative Method in the Academic Study of Sport Essay Example Outline and Evaluate the Use of One Qualitative Method in the Academic Study of Sport Essay Outline and Evaluate the Use of One Qualitative Method in the Academic Study of Sport Essay Outline and evaluate the use of one qualitative method in the academic study of sport Denzin and Lincoln (2000a) believe that qualitative research is guided by 3 principles: assumptions, values and beliefs. These work against, alongside or within positivist and post-positivist models. Quantitative research is the use of numerical measurements and analysis that involves measurable ‘quantities’ by Gratton and Jones (2004). Quantitative data is collected through closed questions as it is in place to provide facts. While qualitative data, on the other hand, predominantly uses open styled questions to gain more information through follow up questions, extensive answers and debates. There are many differences between the two paradigms with the researcher being objective, and ‘detached’ from the subject under investigation within quantitative data said by Gratton and Jones (2004). Moreover, qualitative research is rather the opposite, with the researcher being in place to gather more information from the participants in question. In addition to the previous, Morse, Swanson and Kuezel (2001) believe a quantitative research requires the researcher to carefully define variables that may be quantified with numbers. On the other hand, qualitative research is a more holistic perspective rather than a hypothesis confirmation. Berg and Latin (2008) believe qualitative research allows an open-ended and flexible approach to assessment. Within the qualitative paradigm there are several different data collection methods such as open questionnaires, interviews, observation, visual and textual analysis. I will be outlining and evaluating the use of interviews within the academic study of sport; this will be focused mainly on focus groups. Culver (2003) states that interviews are undoubtedly the most common method for collecting qualitative data within the study of sport. Pettigrew (1990) and Pettus (2001) also state ‘interviews offer a depth of information that permits the detailed exploration of particular issues in a way not possible with other forms of data collection’. Within this type of research method there are 4 different types of interviews; structured, semi-structured, unstructured and focus group. Structured interviews are face-to-face (researcher participant), consist of closed and pre-determined questions in addition to the structure being formal. Semi-structured interviews can be altered so that the participant(s) in question can ether clarify or elaborate on a particular topic/statement. The approach to data collection is flexible, with probes being used to gather additional information. Unstructured interviews have a set theme with the respondent leading the interview. The questions are developed throughout, as they are not pre-determined. These questions are open and flexible. A negative point to this interview structure is that there’s a chance the interview will lack focus. Focus groups lean towards being semi-structured with a discussion thesis being used within an open environment; focus groups consist of more than one person. John Amis (2005) believes ‘focus groups allow members to challenge each other, develop positions of consensus, and build on each other’s ideas’. In addition to this previous statement, Gratton and Jones (2004) believe that this can become a negative point if the researcher doesn’t keep the participants on topic, stating that ‘participants may be tempted to provide false data to make an impression upon others in the group’. This can be potentially avoided if you use either a random, or stratified random sample which has a divided population. Furthermore these participants won’t know one another. Within focus groups there is a large quantity of strengths; participants are able to elaborate on the particular subject(s) especially when the researcher uses probes. In conjunction to this Yin (1994) notes that the interviewer ‘provides perceived casual inferences’ from the actor’s, rather than the researcher’s point of view. As a focus group is generally unstructured or semi-structured it enables participants to reveal certain insight into their attitudes and behaviours in addition to important themes and unexpected data to emerge, Gratton and Jones (2010). Focus groups are more flexible as you can also gain visual and vocal information; for example body language, laughter, silence or careful consideration, their tone of voice, or even simply what particular participants are saying. This can lead to the researcher probing as certain participants will be more passionate about certain themes/topics. Moreover you are able to gain a relationship with your participants, which can lead to them being more open and true to the information they give within the group. In conjunction with this, participants are informed that everything discussed is kept confidential, therefore this will relax and ease participants so they’re able to engage fully within the discussions. Interviews require more resources in comparison to questionnaires. This could be in terms of time consumption or travelling, as a consequence resulting samples can be small, Gratton and Jones (2010). Particular participants could take control of the interview therefore becoming dominant; researchers must then put particular probes into practice ensuring other group members get involved to gain a more diverse collection of data. On the other hand, participants could find focus group environments intimidating and/or off-putting; which can lead to the participant(s) in question feeling under pressure to agree with the dominant participant. Evalued[online]) Analysing data can also be difficult in addition to recording the interview. John Amis (2005) states that it is irrespective of the type of interview, that the way data is recorded should be established prior and it is standard procedure to record the interview on audio tape. The researcher must also ensure that the data gathered is reliable. Gratton and Jones (2004) believe that this can be represen ted with the equation; ‘reliability = number of agreements/(number of agreements + disagreements)’. Psychological Qualities of Elite Adolescent Rugby Players is a research study extension on Holland and colleagues’ (2010) study into required psychological qualities of young talented rugby players, Woodcock et al (2011). Focus groups were completed following Kruger and Casey’s (2000) recommended size of 6 to 8 participants, ensuring that you don’t exceed 10. One group broke this guideline with 2 participants participating within SAS (Sports Administration Staff), which could hinder studied data with the chance of agreement being likely and information being limited. Stewart, Shamdasani, and Rook (2007) warn that fewer than eight participants can lead to a narrow discussion biased toward the views of a few individuals. Focus groups were held in familiar and comforting environments in addition to neutral locations for parents, which was in place to make participants feel more at ease. The focus group was semi-structured with the moderator using probes to gain a more in-depth insight into their views and beliefs. Furthermore the moderator gained a relationship with the participants on entry so that they’d feel comfortable along with this method aiding them to participate within group discussions. Through using focus groups Woodcock et al (2011) founded 5 new subgroups within the 11 higher order themes identified by young players in Holland et al, (2010). These 5 subthemes were: off pitch communication, reflection on their abilities in an objective manner, taking information and reproducing it as a physical action, dealing with injuries as well as attitude towards injuries and that players need to be problem solvers, able to adapt and overcome challenges. Parents and coaches supported development of individuals, not just in their rugby involvement but within other areas of life. Furthermore they discussed interactions that reinforced development within professional and performance environments. SAS highlighted within the study that the under-16 rugby programme was designed specifically to gradually challenge players and foster development of certain psychological qualities Woodcock et al (2011). This focus group helped gain further knowledge and insight within the psychological side of elite adolescent rugby players. Furthermore the ways in which parents, coaches and the SAS develop these players’ psychological in general day to day environments. A large majority of the research gathered corresponds Holland and colleagues (2010) study. Gender perception of Wrestling is a case study in place to gain research on whether or not wrestling is a sport primarily for male athletes. This focus group consist of eight participants from both genders (stratified random sample), which was also semi-structured. Sports managers and administrators for wrestling are presented with the opportunity to encourage women to take part. For this to take place sports managers and/or administrators need to understand how women perceive the sport. Pfister, (2010) and Ward, (2010) state that there is a growing number of women participating in sports with some women competing successfully in traditionally masculine sports. Data collected from the focus group was substantial, with views from each gender being different; this therefore made the study stand out more due to its hypothesis. The focus group underlined that they perceived wrestling to be more violent than other sports such as judo and taekwondo as self-defence wasn’t an explicit objective, Leng (2012). Participants also reviewed the physical attributes of a wrestler, as of this they clearly stated wrestling was a sport for athletes who possess more physical attributes. Moreover, participants didn’t regard wrestling as a sport favouring the participation of a particular gender. To conclude this case study qualitative data collected via participants within the focus group were views which outlined gender beliefs. It is clear to see that focus groups are irreplaceable when accumulating qualitative research data within the academic study of sport. Gibbs (1997) states that the purpose of focus group research is to draw upon respondents’ attitudes, feelings, beliefs, experiences and reactions. Focus groups gather a whole source of information that cannot be obtained without debates and different views. When structured correctly the researcher is able to gain rich data that he can then press forward to ether make changes or put different methods in practice. Focus groups are best used when gaining data on something meaningful to the participants and/or collecting data for something that affects a large majority of people. Something else gathered from this is that when the moderator/research gains a relationship with the participant it is easier to gain more in-depth information. Bibliography Andrews, D. L. , Mason, D. S. and Silk, M. L. (2005) Qualitative Data in Sports Studies. New York: Berg. Berg, K. E and Latin, R. W. (2008) Research Methods in Health, Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Research (3rd Edition). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Gratton, C. and Jones, I. (2004) Research Methods of Sports Studies (1st Edition). London: Routledge. Gratton, C. and Jones, I (2006) Research Methods of Sports Studies (2nd Edition). Oxon: Routledge. Woodcock, C. , Holland, M. J. G. , Duda, J. L, and Cumming, J. 2011) Psychological Qualities of Elite Adolescent Rugby Players: Parents, Coaches, and Sport Administration Staff Perceptions and Supporting Roles. The Sport Psychologist, 25, 411-433. Leng, H. K. ; Kang, S. Y. ; Lim, C. ; Lit, J. J. ; Suhaimi, N. I. ; Umar, Y. (2012) Only For Males: Gendered Perception of Wrestling. Choregia, Vol. 8 Issue 1, p43. Gibbs, A. (1997) Social Research Update, Issue 19 [online]. Available: http://sru. soc. surrey. ac. uk/SRU19. html [8th Novemb er 2012] Evalued (2006) Focus Groups [online]. Available: evalued. bcu. ac. uk/tutorial/4b. htm [ 8th November 2012]

Benefits of Monopoly for the Stakeholders Essay

Benefits of Monopoly for the Stakeholders - Essay Example Monopoly is a market structure where a firm controls the industry in regards to output and prices and there are no close substitutes to the products. Monopolistic competition is a market structure where there are many buyers and sellers who trade in a range of prices. This is because the sellers can differentiate their offers to different customers (Orbanes, 2007). Monopoly is not the best market structure to be considered in the current world of business.A monopoly has different benefits to the stakeholders such as the government, consumers, producers and businesses as a whole. Monopoly benefits to the producers and businesses are that it increases normal profits to abnormal profits. A monopoly produces at a lower output and sells at high prices. This reduces the marginal cost of the producer which increases the profits to supernormal profits. The businesses also benefit from a monopoly in that they produce at large scale which leads to economies of scale. The economies of scale wil l lead to a reduction in average cost, which will lead to, increase in profits. The economies of scale have potential gain in welfare to the producer. The large scale production will reduce the firm’s costs, which will result, to benefits in the long run. The shareholders also benefit from monopoly through receiving dividends, which result from, supernormal profits. The firm benefit in terms of control meaning the firm controls the entire market which means it is the sole decision maker in the industry. The firm benefit for being the dominant one in the industry in that it decides on the prices of the products. The firms in the industry are price takers (Robinson, 1943).

Managing and Leading Strategic Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing and Leading Strategic Change - Essay Example to the company (and later taking on the post of COO and President whereas Bethune would remain the CEO and Chairman), introduced a â€Å"Go Forward Plan† which had four parts, aimed at putting the company back on track in 1995. The four pats were the market plan: â€Å"Fly to Win, The Financial Plan: Fund the Future, The Product Plan: Make Reliability a Reality, The People Plan: Working Together.† The plan was to implement all these changes simultaneously, since they would create a multiplier effect (Hartley, pp. 78-84, 2010). Implementation and Leading this Strategic Change (Go Forward Plan) Bethune knew that despite this plan was approved by board of directors with all the trust, confidence and enthusiasm, employees would view this plan with all possible suspicion and mistrust. Therefore, the first thing, which Bethune did, was to open the doors of the executive lounge of Continental, which had been protected from any visitors since many years like some castle. Employ ees now need only to show their IDs and gain entrance into Bethune’s office. After opening the doors for employees, Bethune initiated a new ritual of arranging open houses at the end of each month at the Houston headquarters. Just to ensure that employees feel comfortable around executive, the concept of causal Fridays came into being, except for the employees who had direct dealings with customers (Palmer, Dunford & Akin, pp. 284-285, 2008). One of the previous managements of Continental had tried to repaint all the planes but failed to complete the same due to limited financing and immense pressure for cost cutting. As of late 1994, the planes were in the same condition, not painted uniformly. Bethune felt that repainting the planes would send a message of revival, newness, and better operations to the... Managing and Leading Strategic Change Since 1983, nine different CEOs who came in with the slogan of change, tried their luck and as the figures show, they were not very successful. Not only the company was in trouble from the financial side but as it has been mentioned above, that the company was surrounded by trouble from all directions. High turnover, infighting between employees and departments, employee absences, use of sick time, customer complaints, and highest number of mishandled baggage reports, ranking last in terms of on time arrival and others would just be a glance at the terrible conditions in which â€Å"Continental Airlines† was still somehow surviving. It was in February 1994, when Gordon Bethune took the charge of the company as the Chief Operating Officer and President and later in that year as the CEO as well, he knew that the company needed a hardcore strategic change and strong implementation of that change as well. Quite understandably, it was his responsibility to do the same. Important here to note is that the whole change process that Bethune implemented at Continental was in line with eight steps of change presented by John Kotter, professor of leadership at Harvard Business Review in Boston. This is one those strategic change implementation models, which has been praised and acclaimed by many different authors in their writings and analysis. Let us a have a brief analysis of the same. Kotter’s first step is about creating urgency for change.

Courtroom player Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Courtroom player - Essay Example It is no doubt that a judge is a key figure in the courtroom; the two opposing parties in a case usually come before a judge to present their cases. The judge gives both sides the opportunity to present their version of the facts relevant to the case at hand. The judges oversee the trial and make legal decisions which may arise. In addition, they sentence convicted criminal offenders in the case of criminal cases, and make decisions regarding the outcomes of civil cases and the appropriate remedy (Arizona Supreme Court, 2010). The general responsibilities of the judges and how they perform them often raises the ethic and moral questions; the decisions that they make always border on some ethic and moral issues. Since the concept of ethics and morals are central to judges, most jurisdictions have provided ethical and moral codes that should guide the judges (Kay, 1995). That notwithstanding, judges are faced with several legal and ethical issues. The first ethical and moral issue that judges face is the issue of fairness and justice. Judges are required to make decisions that are fair and just. As such, they should use their discretion and abilities to achieve this by ensuring that every proceeding is fair and the subsequent decisions are just as fair and just. In other words, both parties should at the end be satisfied with the decision, or at least see that justice has been done. The second ethical and moral issue that the judges face is that of public confidence. Courts all over the world are considered as the places that uphold the highest level of justice, fairness and equality (Kay, 1995). This explains why individuals who are aggrieved by others use court as the last resort to seek justice, remedy, and fairness. However, factors such as historical injustices in the courts, nepotism, and corruption can greatly dent the perception that the public have about the courts. Therefore, it is very critical for judges to mainta in public confidence

God Does Exist Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

God Does Exist - Research Paper Example What makes man the most superior to everything in the world is his brain. It is our senses that fundamentally make us stand out and distinguished from all other organisms. Since humans’ common sense has led them to achieving all they have today, if common sense says the God is there, God must be there. God does exist. This is self-evident. Nothing gets made unless it has been intended and somebody has done it. We want a chair and we go to the carpenter. We want a skyscraper and we approach the engineers and the architects. We want a treatment for some medicine and we go to the doctor. All of this is done purposefully because we have a belief that when somebody tries, there is an outcome. So we tend to approach the right people for the task at hand. So this is understood that there has to be a creator for everything. There is definitely a limit to what humans can create. Through research, we have come to know that man has the maximum brain as compared to all other organisms and this is the reason why man is able to create much more and far better things than all other plants or animals. While there is a limit to human brains and so to the humans’ creations, there is somebody who has got more brains than the humans and is thus able to create the whole universe. Like we create buildings, airplanes, trains, computers, internet and all the technology, there is somebody who has created us, the plants, the animals, the sun, the moon, the stars and everything that we see around us and are not able to create no matter how much we try. That somebody is God. If we place a piece of paper upon a table, it would stay there for centuries and centuries unless someone comes and removes it. When a piece of paper cannot move on its own, we are bound to think of someone that is moving the sun, the moon and the Earth and is taking care of the whole solar system. There is somebody that is transforming the day into the night and the night into the day, and that is God. Whatever happens in this world, happens for a reason. Nothing is meaningless. A woman’s breast doesn’t milk unless she gives birth to a baby. We know that in the nascent stage, milk is all that a baby asks for, and there is somebody who is not only intelligent enough to understand this, but is also powerful enough to provide the baby with the milk from the source that is the most authenticated and the best well-wisher of the baby i.e. the baby’s mother. Witnessing all this, man that has been made with brains is bound to think of somebody who understands everybody’s needs and provides everybody with them. It is not the mother who can ever produce the milk unless there is someone who intends it and is powerful enough to do, and that is God. This universe has one rule. W hat is right feels right and what is wrong feels wrong. Nothing bad that one does makes one feel good. One lies and one feels bad about it. One cheats and one feels bad about it. One steals and one repents. One murders and one faces the consequences. All these acts i.e. lying, cheating, stealing and murdering are strictly forbidden by religion that comes from God. If there is one entity that abstains us from doing everything that we know is wrong, that entity is bound to be right and just. Not only this, we have even stronger reason to believe in God. After every sin, when we make apology to God, it makes us feel good. While only good things make

An Introduction To Encryption And Decryption

An Introduction To Encryption And Decryption CHAPTER 1 This thesis proposes a VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) design of Encryption and Decryption Algorithm for Data. In this chapter, the challenges of cryptography is firstly presented. This chapter also briefly discusses the problem definition, scope of work and the thesis objectives are also highlighted.Finally, the chapter end with the chapter organization. The dissertation presentation is provided at the end 1.1 An introduction to Encryption and Decryption, a type of cryptography Encryption and Decryption, a type of cryptography, refers to the process of scrambling information so that the observer cannot be detecting the data. Cryptographic key is a piece of data used to encrypt or decrypt to plaintext. (Alex Brennen V., 2004) The Crypto, from the word cryptographic mean is it has its origins in the Greek word KRUOTOS, which means hidden. Thus the objective of cryptography is to hide information so that only the intended recipient can read it.[2] . Cryptographic is a protocol or method of performing encryption and decryption (Alex Brennen V., 2004). There are two types of cryptographic: symmetric and asymmetric key. Figure 1.1 is example a symmetric cryptographic has a single key, which is used for both encrypting and decrypting information. Data Encryption and Decryption is a well-known example of symmetric cryptographic. In symmetric cryptographic, public-key cryptographic uses complementary pair of keys to divided the process of encryption and decryption. This process is shown in Figure 1.2. This part is discuss about the symmetric-key cryptographic only.[3]. The proposed projects is to create the algor ithms where it is use to convert of information, rearranging the original massage produce output referred as ciphertext Plaintext Plaintext Ciphertext Key Figure 1.1: Symmetric Cryptographic Plaintext Plaintext Ciphertext Encryption Key and Decryption Key Figure 1.2: Public-Key Cryptographic 1.2 Problem Statement At present there are many encryption and decryption, especially in the communication system provided in a variety of application. Encryption and decryption is particularly impacted in the field of military communications and reliable security data to protection for transmitting. This ciphertext is used in the military is to send information such as direction, strategy, secret codes and other information that can not be know by the national foe during the war.[4] Creating this system is the process by which information can not be detect by the national foe. The information can not be recognizing by the national foe because this system is using the process to encrypt data and decrypt data. [4] 1.3 Scopes of Work Based on available software resources, limited time frame and expertise, this research project is narrowed down to the following scope of work: 1. The project is only to design fixed 64-bit input of data block size, 64-bit output of data block size and 56-bit of key size based on an Encryption and Decryption algorithm . 2. The projects is limited to design, to synthesis, to simulate and to verify the design in Altera Quartus II software. Objective The project are to create a system that can protect electronic data (secret information) which Consist of encryption and decryption process and to fully design an encryption and decryption algorithm using VHDL. The objectives of this project are To understand how the Encryption and Decryption process. To fully design an Encryption algorithm and Decryption algorithm using VHDL. Encryption and decryption which support 64-bit input of data block size, 64-bit output of data block size and 56-bit of key size. To make use Quartus II software as a design and synthesis tool. 1.4 Chapter Organization Chapter 1: This chapter starts with an Introduction which highlights the problems under investigation by describing the status of problem conceptually and theoretically. It contains the introduction of the thesis, problem statement and scope of study, objective of the project, and the chapter organization. Chapter 2: This chapter is a Literature Review that compiles the studies done by others based on the title of the project. Under the literature review, this chapter discussed on the features need to be include in designing the system. Chapter 3:. The methodology chapter describes the steps that has been taken while doing the project from the beginning until the end. The main content of the chapter are the flow charts and the description of each step of the process. Chapter 4: This chapter presents the result of the algorithm and discussion observed. The results obtained are presented as a series of figures, tables, with textual description and discussion. The analysis outcome of the research is also discussed in relation to the evidences obtained from project work and theories reported in Literature Review . Chapter 5: The chapter is the Conclusion of the thesis and which signalized the whole project a done CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0. Overview This chapter is to introduce the host range of background information and research for this thesis. Most methods have been widely used to determine how the process of encryption and decryption. Theoretical method is presented using the VHDL. Chooses the VHDL programming for design encryption and decryption because this programming is very direct forward is compare other programming. For example Cadence and C++ programming. Both programming is very complicated. In this chapter, the Literature review of the research is discussed. The main topics discussed in this chapter are shown below: Symmetric cryptography Encryption Decryption Operations of Encryption and Decryption Data Encryption and Decryption VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) 2.1. Symmetric key cryptography The symmetric key scheme is the conventional method of cryptography. The scheme uses the similar key to encode and decode in information. In a symmetric key algorithm, in the normal case, the communication only uses only one key. For example if Z user Z sends the secret symmetric key to an X user before the start of the communication between them. Part Z and X use the same symmetric key to encryption and decryption the message. Encryption and Decryption are example of symmetric key algorithm. Figure 2.2 shows the symmetric key cryptography. The symmetric key algorithm is faster than an asymmetric key algorithm. There are two classes of symmetric key cryptography as block ciphers and stream ciphers. [6] Plaintext X Plaintext Z Encryption and Decryption Symmetric Key Figure 2.1: The symmetric key cryptography 2.2 Block Cipher Block cipher is a type of symmetric-key decryption and encryption algorithm. The symmetric-key decryption and encryption that is a fixed length block of plaintext data into block ciphertext data. The block size is 64 bit. The block size can be upgrade to 128 bit, 256 bit or 512 bit if the process becomes advanced. Block ciphers operate on large blocks of data. The encryption and decryption of plaintext with a block cipher will result in the same when the same key is used. From the figure 2.3, it can be seen that show the Block Cipher Plaintext Plaintext Block Cipher Encryption and Block Cipher Decryption Symmetric Key Figure 2.2: Block Cipher 2.3 Stream Cipher Stream cipher is a type of symmetric encryption and decryption algorithm. Stream ciphers much faster than any block cipher. Stream ciphers operate on smaller units of plaintext. The encryption and decryption of plaintext with a stream cipher will result in the same when the same key is used. From the figure 2.3, it can be seen that show the Stream Cipher Plaintext Plaintext Stream Cipher Encryption and Stream Cipher Decryption Symmetric Key Figure 2.2: Stream Cipher Advantages of Symmetric Key Cryptography The main advantages of symmetric key (public key) cryptography are improved security and expediency. Other major advantages from the symmetric key (public key) are that they can provide a technique for digital signatures. Verification via secret-key system requires a shared secret and sometimes requires trust of a third party. For example, Kerberos verification system involves a button-secret data center that stores copies of all user secret key. An attack on the database will enable the falsification of the system. Public key verification, on the other hand, prevents of rejection, and each user has a responsibility to protect his private key. [7] 2.3 Disadvantages of Symmetric -Key Cryptography The disadvantage of symmetric cryptography is that it presumes two parties have agreed on a key and been able to exchange that key in a secure manner prior to communication. This is a significant challenge. Symmetric algorithms are usually mixed with public key algorithms to obtain a blend of security and speed. Disadvantage of using symmetric-key cryptography for encryption and decryption is faster. There are popular secret-key encryption and decryption technique that are considerably faster than any at present available symmetric-key encryption and decryption technique. However, public-key cryptography can be used by means of secret-key cryptography to obtain the optimum of both worlds. For encryption, the optimum solution is to join together with public-key and secret-key systems in order to obtain both the security advantages of public-key systems and the velocity advantages of secret-key systems. The public-key system can be make use of to encrypt a secret key which is make use of to encrypt the bulk of a information or message. Public-key cryptography may be vulnerable to impersonation, although, also furthermore if usersà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ private keys are not available. A successful assail attack pounce on a certification authority will permit a national foe to impersonate whomever the adversary pick out to by using a public-key certificate from the compromised authority to bind a key of the national foe choice to the name of another user In some plight, public-key cryptography is not obligatory and secret-key cryptography alone is enough. This belonging to environments where secure secret-key assent can take place, for example by users confluence in private. It also belonging environments where a sole authority knows and manages all the keys. Formerly the authority knows everyoneà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s keys already there is not much excess for some to be public and others private. And yet, public-key cryptography is normally not obligatory in a single-user environment. Example, if want to keep personal message or information encrypted, can do so with any secret-key encryption algorithm using personal password as the secret key. Furthermore, public-key cryptography is optimum equivalent for an open multi-user environment. Public-key cryptography is not intention to substitute secret-key cryptography, but nevertheless to complementary it, to make it more safety [8] 2.4 Encryption Encryption is a form of cryptography that to change the plaintext into ciphertext. A cipher is a algorithms for the encryption. Encryption is the principle of such security step as digital signatures, digital certificates, and the public key infrastructure. Computer-based encryption method use keys to encrypt and decrypt information. A key is in binary number. The key is one part of the encryption process. It must be used in connection with an encryption algorithm to generate the cipher text. Encryption is the symmetric or asymmetric. Ciphers were repeatedly used directly for Encryption without supplement procedures such as ratification. The extremely used kind of encryption is symmetric Encryption, which is aptly named for the reason that it uses one key for both the encryption and decryption system [9] 2.5 Decryption Decryption is the opposite or moving from the ciphertext back to the plaintext. A cipher is a algorithms for the decryption. The specification operation of a cipher is to manage with both by the algorithm and in each example by a key. Decryption is the symmetric or asymmetric. Ciphers were repeatedly used directly for decryption without supplement procedures such as ratification. The extremely used kind of decryption is symmetric decryption, which is aptly named for the reason that it uses one key for both the encryption and decryption system [10]. 2.6 Operations of Encryption and Decryption An encryption and decryption scheme consists of three Standard algorithms: A Key Generation Algorithm. For a symmetric key, this is often an algorithm that simply picks a random key of a certain length. The symmetric key scheme is the conventional method of cryptography. The scheme uses the similar key to encode and decode in information. An Encryption Algorithm. This takes as input a message (or plaintext) and some kind of key, and outputs a ciphertext. Encryption is to change the plaintext into ciphertext A decryption algorithm. This takes as input a ciphertext and some kind of key, and outputs a message.Decryption is to change the ciphertext back to the plaintext 2.7 Data Encryption and Decryption This system works by encrypting and decrypting groups of only 64 message bits, which is the same as 16 hexadecimal number. To do the encryption and decryption, this system uses symmetric keys where are also apparently 16 hexadecimal number long, or 64 bits long. However, every 8th key bit is ignored in this algorithm, so that the effective key size is 56 bits. But, in any case, 64 bits (16 hexadecimal digits) is the round number upon which Encryption and Decryption is organized. The process is explain in Figure 1.2, it can be seen that the process of encrypt and decrypt, if take the plaintext message is 2872762F771B15E8, and encrypt it with the key 0000000000000001, the ciphertext produced 1234567890987654. If the ciphertext is decrypted with the same secret key 0000000000000001, the result is the original plaintext 2872762F771B15E8. Input data 2872762F771B15E8 Key Encryption Ciphertext 123345678890987654 Key Decryption Key Original input 2872762F771B15E8 Figure 1.2: Simple Block Diagram Process Encryption and Decryption using Feistel Algorithm 2.4 VHDL History (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) In order to complete the design, the VHDL is one of the most important tools used. Device description language VHDL is a great acronym stands for the Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description language. It was originally developed on the orders of the U.S Department of Defense. They need a more efficient way to document the behavior of the ASIC design service companies were present.[11,12] It was developed as an alternative to the huge, highly complex manuals that were the norm. The idea to simulate such a description was immediately an attractive prospect and logic simulators were developed could take a VHDL description as input. From here synthesis to the hardware level became a focus of study and still is. Current state-of the- art synthesis tools can create hardware for a large subset of the VHDL language and should at least support the synthesizable subset in IEEE1076.6-1999. The syntax of VHDL was derived from Ada, with constructs added to handle the parallelism th at appears in hardware designs. The language is strongly typed and case insensitive. [13,14] The initial version of the language that was presented in the IEEE standard 1076-1987 was somewhat limited and a new version appeared in 1993 in IEEE standard 1079-1993, which improved the consistency of the language. There have been various reviews and updates to the standard of the languages since, but the 1993 version is the most prominent and widely used. Both versions of the language ignored the need for a multi-valued logic type which is where the IEEE standard 1164 comes in.[15] This standard defines a 9-valued logic type called standard logic. This has become the standard type to use for multi-valued logic in VHDL descriptions. The language has been further extended in a series of libraries. One such library is the numeric std library which implements a signed and unsigned type. These types allow for arithmetic to be performed on arbitrarily sized logic vectors. [16] 2.4 VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) In order to complete the design, the VHDL is one of the most important tools used. Device description language VHDL is a great acronym stands for the Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description language. It was originally developed on the orders of the Department of Defense. They need a more efficient way to document the behavior of the ASIC design service companies were present.[ represented 11,12] VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) was originally adopted by the U.S Department of Defense. The initial version of VHDL, designed to IEEE standard 1076-1987, included a wide range of data types, including numerical (integer and real), logical (bit and boolean), character and time, plus arrays of bit called bit_vector and of character called string. [16] [1] Laura E.Hunter,Brian Barber,Melissa Craft,Norris L.Johnson Jr,Jeffery A Martin,Tony Piltzecker. MCSE. Implementing PKI in a Window Server 2003 Network.Chapter 4.Page 185 [2] Mohan Krishnamurthy, Eric S.Seagren, Raven Alder, Aaron W.Bayles, Josh Burke, Skip Carter Eli Faskha How to Cheat at Securing Linux.page:250 [3] Dr.Everett F.Carter jr,Jeremy Faircloth,Curtis Franklin jr,Larry Loeb, Hack Proofing XML Page:193 [4] The Point Of Encryption By Dr.Colin Walter,Available at http://www.securitydocs.com/pdf/3301/PDF [5] Aram Khalili, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland. Available at http://www.cs.umd.edu/~waa/414-F01/symmetric.pdf [6] D. Richard Kuhn ,Vincent C. Hu ,W. Timothy Polk, Shu-Jen Chang ,National Institute of Standards and Technology Introduction to Public Key Technology and the Federal PKI Infrastructure [6.5] Contributed by LE Webmaster Kerberos Authentication System Available at http://www.linuxexposed.com/index2.php? option=com_contentdo_pdf [7]. Advantaged of Public-Key Cryptography ,Available at http://users.hack.gr/dij/crypto/overview/publickey.html [8] Disadvantages of Public-Key Cryptography ,Available at http://x5.net/faqs/crypto/q4.html [9] Manuel Mogollon University Of Dallas USA.Cryptography and Security services. Page: 51 [10] Mohan Krishnamurthy, Eric S.Seagren,Raven Alder, Aaron W.Bayles,Josh Burke,Skip Carter Eli Faskha How To Cheat at Securing Linux .page:251 [11]. Copyright  © 1999 by John F. Wakerly Combinational Logic Design Principles,The VHDL Hardware Design Language. Page :1-35. [12] Deepak Jain . Object Oriented Programming Constructs in VHSIC Hardware Description Language, Delhi Institute of Advanced Studies [13] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE 1076-1987: IEEE Standard VHDL Language Reference Manual, 1987 [14] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE Std 1076.6-1999: IEEE Standard for VHDL Register Transfer Level (RTL) synthesis, 1999. 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