A General History of the Caribbean :: Caribbean History Culture Cultural Essays

A General History of the CaribbeanWhen one undertakes an historic study, any success in the undertaking is arguably predicated on an reason of the subject to be studied. Knowing the culture of a given people or region, the geography and climate of its habitation, the attitudes of the people and their current political comportment ein truth(prenominal) of these breathe life into the subject. It is this deepening familiarization that gives life to the historical figures and events of that subject.Perhaps nowhere is this preliminary requirement more necessary than when undertaking an historical study of the Caribbean islands. This archipelago of litre small to moderate sized inhabited units that span a coarse 2,500 mile arc above the north side of Central and South the States represent a very similar and yet very diverse group of people and cultures. Sharing a common climate, they contain a figure of terrain. Subjected to European invasion and conquest, then populated involuntarily by black African slaves under an oppressively dominating plantation system, the dissimilar timing of these very common circumstances lead to a curious variety of cultures. Conversely, the many languages spoken and the several cultural manifestations that are apparent in this region do not obliterate an essentially consistent ambience, a common rhythm that is unmistakably Caribbean. It is this contradiction, this sameness and yet difference, that makes a vigorous introductory speak to such a compelling and, in itself, such a diversified component of this historical study.Even more important than the natural lure of anthropological or sociological considerations in their own right is the insufficiency of chronological political events alone to frame a general history of the Caribbean. Unlike many regions that start out clear, defining events and forces in a more or less cohesive fashion, periodization is difficult to construct for Caribbean history. Some pivotal events were confine d to the particular island on which they occurred, musical composition others had a regional impact. Furthermore, these latter sometimes did so with the uneven yet certain rhythm of the waves that come across the sea to lap the shores of the receptive neighboring island. This tendency yields a certain proclivity towards eclectic explanatory approaches. Three different yet mutually supportive approaches illustrate the utility of this eclecticism. The Caribbeanist Sidney Mintz employs the analytical approach of a social scientist to identify conditions of common description in his article the Caribbean as a Socio-Cultural Area. Antonio Benitez-Rojo injects a decidedly cultural emphasis to his historical narrative of the region in his chapter From the plantation to the Plantation, taken from his book The Repeating Island.

What is The German Question? Essay -- Germany German Essays

What is The German Question?What is The German Question? This is a question that has been posed by many analysts over the years, from each 1 having their own views on what fulfills this question. However, each agrees that it is a question of high complexity. According to Constantin Frantz, The German Question is the most obscure, most involved and most comprehensive problem in the whole of new-fangled history. What makes Germanys question so difficult to pinpoint is the fact that for all of its existence, until 1871 and again in 1990, it has struggled to unify a nation into a single state. As history shows, the German nation has struggled to create its own nation-state. Unlike France and Britain, Germany was a nation before it was a state. That is, its people had a strong sense of nationalism and common identity as a social entity but they were lacking a strong state, or a form of political organization that claims the sole(a) right to govern a specific piece of territory. As Da hrendorf states We want to find out what it is in German society that may account for Germanys persistent failure to give a home to democracy in its liberal sense. But can we really analyze the problem in this way? It has not always been the same persistent failure hindering Germany from giving a home for democracy, but rather the problems faced by Germany end-to-end history. To truly understand the German situation and its multiple struggles for labor union, it is important to know the history of the present day Germany. This history is a very unique one, one very different from other European nations such as France and Britain. Therefore one can draw sharp contrasts between the process of national unification in Germany as compared to France or Britain. However, once established Compared with its historical precursors in England and France, industrialization in Germany occurred late, quickly, and thoroughly. Early German history can be traced back to the House of the Hohenzoller n. A family of German rulers, originating as a family of counts in Swabia in the 11th or 12th century. The Hohenzollerns control Prussia and eventually united and ruled Germany until the end of World War I. Their strong, rigidly disciplined armies gave Prussia a reputation for military excellence. During the 16th and 17th centuries, territorial rulers and city councils in Germany expanded their ... ...have provided several(prenominal) insight on answering these two very important aspects of The German Question. When is Germany? Roughly speaking, in the last hundred years. Where is Germany? In all territories that belonged to Germany during this traverse of time. I believe this is truly the most important aspect of the German Question given the countries constant struggle for unification. Now that Germany is finally reunited it is on a straight track to the great country it should be. BibliographyConradt, David P. The German Polity, Longman Publishing. New York, 2001.Dahrendorf, Ralf. Society and Democracy in Germany, Norton & Company. Lamborn & Lepgold, World Politics into the Twenty-First Century. Prentice Hall, Upper charge River. 2003Microsoft Encarta Premium Online Germany. Encyclopedia Source. History of Germany. 2004.Niewyk, Donald. Lecture Notes Inside Nazi Germany. 2004Rosinus, Franz. Interview Topics German government, Helmut Kohl, political parties. 2004.Sax, Benjamin. Inside Hitlers Germany. Heath and Company, Lexington Massachusetts. 1992.Walbruck, Harry A. Deutschland Ein neuer Anfang. National text edition Company, Lincolnwood, Illinois 1992.

The Marriage Of John And Jaqueline Kennedy Essay -- essays research pa

The Marriage of washstand and Jacqueline Kennedy.THESIS Although the descent of John and Jacqueline Kennedy evolved fromfriendship to love, their spousal was filled with tragedy, shame, and change.I. The relationship of John and Jacqueline Kennedy evolved from friendship to love. A. They met at a dinner party thrown by Charles and Martha Bartlett.B. Their marriage was called the wedding of the year.II. Their marriage had many tragedies.A. Although three children survived birth, Jackie had many unsuccessful pregnancies.B. President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas trance riding in a motorcade.III. Their marriage was filled with shame. A. Jack had an irresistible urge to women.B. Jack had innumerable conversations with a Judith Campbell, a woman with mob connections.IV. Their marriage was filled with change.A. Life was different for the Kennedys in the White House.B. Jackie did a complete renovation of the White House.C. Life changed drastically for Jackie after the assassination of her husband.Although the relationship of John and Jacqueline Kennedy evolved fromfriendship to love, their marriage was filled with tragedy, shame and change. Thelife of the first family is highly ordinaryized but many of the happenings of theKennedy family were not meant to be up for public scrutiny. During the time that Kennedy was in office there were many political as well as personal events thatwent on in his life. Love, tragedy, shame, and change were just virtually of thefeelings and occurrences that went on inside the White House. Jacqueline began her journalism career working for the Washington Times-Herald where she was soon promoted to Inquiring Cameragirl. This washow she first got to talk to Senator John F. Kennedy. She interviewed him for hercolumn a some times and attended a ... ... Publishers,1997.Anthony, Carl Sferrazza. First Ladies Volume II The Saga of the PresidentsWives and Their Power 1961-1990. refreshful York William Morrow and Company Inc., 1991. Davis, John H. Jacqueline Bouvier An Intimate Memoir. New York John Wiley andSons, Inc., 1996.Davis, John H. The Bouviers From Waterloo to the Kennedys and Beyond. Washington DC National Press Books, 1993.Donald, Aida Dipace. Kennedy, John F. Assassination. Dictionary of AmericanHistory. 1976 ed.Encyclopedia Americana John F. Kennedy. Frank B. Freidel, Jr. (1999)http//www.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/35pkenn.html.Heymann, David C. A Woman Named Jackie. Secaucus, New Jersey CarolPublishing group, 1994.Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. 1998 ed.Mills, Judie. John F. Kennedy. New York Franklin Watts, 1962.Watney, Hedda Lyons. Jackie O. New York Leisure Books, 1994.

Synchronous and Asynchronous Mode :: essays research papers

Synchronous and Asynchronous modeIn telecommunication signaling within a network or between networks, synchronous signals are those that occur at the same clock rate when all clocks are based on a single reference clock. Synchronous communication requires that each end of an exchange of communication respond in turn without initiating a new communication.An asynchronous signal is one that is genetic at a different clock rate than another signal. Asynchronous operation also means that a exhibit operates independently of other processes, whereas synchronous operation means that the process runs only as a result of some other process being entire or handing off operation.Analog and Digital Analog communication employs continuous transmission of an electromagnetic wave form that varies in frequency and amplitude.A digital communication system uses discontinuous transmission that may vary in frequency, amplitude and/or phase to represent binary data.Simplex and DuplexA communication theory network can provide many types of attend. The most basic type of service is known as simplex. This service provides one-way communication. Examples of this type of service are TV distribution, and the transmission of burglar alarm messages.Most networks transfer data in two directions and are known as duplex communications links. Duplex links are classified as either full duplex or half duplex (also known as two ways alternate), depending upon whether both local and remote nodes may simultaneously transmit, or whether one must wait for the other to finish before starting transmission.Serial and double TransmissionIn telecommunication, serial transmission is the sequential transmission of the signal elements of a group representing a character or other entity of data. The characters are transmitted in a sequence over a single line, rather than simultaneously over two or more lines, as in pair transmission. The sequential elements may be transmitted with or without interru ption. A parallel link transmits several streams of data (representing particular bits of a stream of bytes) along bigeminal channels (wires, printed circuit tracks, optical fibres, etc.).Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)SLIP and PPP are two communication protocols which allow a computer connected to a server via a serial line (such as a modem) to become an actual node on the internet. This allows you to run network applications on your home computer directly. While SLIP and PPP are largely similar, there are some key differences. PPP is a newer protocol, better(p) designed, and more acceptable to the sort of people who like to standardize protocol specifications.

Living In Space :: essays research papers fc

Living In SpaceEnergy Space is filled with radiant naught andbeyond earths atmosphere this energy flow moresteadily and more intensely from the sun than thatwhich penetrates to the surface of the Earth. So anabundant and essential author of energy thatwould be used in space for the space dependencywould be solar radiation by developing satellitesolar violence station. To live in space, humansmust be protected from the fierce intensity andpenetrating wavelengths of unattenuated sunlight,but this same energy is one of the primaryresources of space. The colony will have to haveenough energy to maintain a fairly uniformtemperature even though it is apace. The sunshines twenty-four hours a twenty-four hours and is not dimmedby an atmosphere. Shaded temporals not exposedto direct sunlight will almost be at absolute zero.While the temperature in closed(a) bodies exposedto the sun can soar above the boiling point. Thecolony will need to have both heaters and airconditioners. On the o ther hand, this suns energycan be converted into electricity in the colonies. Itwill be converted with ten percent efficiency toelectrical power which is sold at a rate of .012kw/hr, a squargon kilometer of space would returnmore than $14,000,000 each year. Convertingsolar power to electricity in space, we would work upsatellite solar power stations that would interceptthe sunlight and convert it into electricity. Thesatellite solar power stations would interceptenough sunlight to deputize five nuclear reactors orcoal plants. The stations could be as big as ninemiles long and four miles wide and it would only crusade twenty thousand tons. It would be built withhollow triangular girders made of aluminum that isvery fast and easy to build . Solar power satellitesare a pollution free way to generate electricity andcost no more than coal or nuclear energy. Therehas been twomajor designed stations made so far.One is designed by Peter Glaser of Author D.Little Inc., which would use very large arrays ofphoto voltaic cells to make the passage directlyinto energy. The other major design is by GordonWoodcock of Boeing Aircraft Corporation,proposed having conventional turbogeneratorsoperating on a Brayton cycle with helium as theworking fluid. The key return in the solar powerstations is solar cells, which does the actualconverting of energy into electricity. A usefulmaterial is found in lunar soil is te which isused to make solar cells. So we can produce alarge amount of these cells and then we can avoidany problems of shipping the material from earth.Cells convert sunlight directly into electricity andthis could be used to supply the electricity for the

Importance of a Warm Up Essay

A fervid up helps to prepare the body for the physical exertion to come. It gently raises your pulse estimate and therefore, your cardiac output increases and also your rate of ventilation. Your vasomotor centre makes sure that more blood is being distributed to the working heftinesss. This combined affect is to increase the centre of oxygen that is delivered to the muscle cells. This helps to subvert the oxygen deficit when you start carrying out the actual activity.A Warm up is very important as it helps to reduce the possible chances of injury. It raises your body temperature in your muscles as there is an increase in the blood flow which raises your body temperature in your muscles, making them more responsive. The elasticity of muscle tissue is increased and more oxygen can be carried to the working muscles. This will help to prepare the body for the activity to come.Throughout a warm up routine, it consists of loading exercises and this increases your flexibility and so d irectly reduces the risk of injury. The reason for this is that a muscle or tendon group with a greater picture of motion will be less likely to experience tears when used actively. Stretching also helps to improve rec everywherey and may enhance the thespians performance. Additionally, increased flexibility of the neck, shoulders and upper back may improve respiratory function.The nervous system becomes stimulated which makes sure you more alert and apprised and therefore it gets you psychologically prepared. This will help to increase your levels of motivation and determination to carry out your dance sessions.The benefit of a warm up is that the muscles mangled most frequently from the neglect of a warm up are the antagonists (such as the hamstrings- Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, biceps femoris) to the strong contracting muscles (such as the Quadriceps- Vastus medialis, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, rectus femoris). Cold antagonistic muscles relax slow when the ag onists contract, therefore free go badment and accurate co-ordination is retarded.At the same time, the force of the contraction of the agonists and the momentum of the moving part exert a great change form on the unyielding antagonists. Without a warm up, this may lead to the tearing of the muscle fibers or the tendons.Stretching exercisesI will stretch, moving a peg to just beyond its pinnacle of resistance. Flexibility is limited by the joint itself, ligaments and tendons acting upon it. I cannot change the bony structures or the type of joint, but I can stretch the soft tissue surrounding the joint.Neck (Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes)* Turn head to the go forth, wherefore to the rightly.* Look up and past down.* 5 Neck rolls to the right and then 5 neck rolls to the left.* Shoulders, back and arms* I will Circle arms 10 times forward, 10 times backward and then rotate arms alternating. This will spread my shoulder joint.* I will Stretch my Trapezius by commiting one arm that is kept sequent across the chest with your other arm supporting it in its position. This is a horizontal flexion movement.* I will stretch my triceps brachii by flexing my elbow and placing my transcend behind my head on by back and my other pass by puts pressure on the flexed elbow joint.Wrists and fingers* I will rotate my wrist joints, attack my pass on together rapidly and then bend and mobilise my fingers.Hips* I will mobilise my hip joint by placing my hands on my hips and doing 5 hip rotations to the left and then 5 to right. Rotate my hips by raising my oarlock (with a bent knee so it is at 90 degrees to my body) then I will turn my leg outwards to the side of my body.Spine* I will stretch my vertebral column by crouching down onto my knees and placing my hands on the floor reaching as far as I can.Legs* I will Stretch the Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedials, Vastus Medialis and Rectus Femoris by pulling the ankle with your hand on the same side of the body keeping the knees together while maintaining the correct spine alignment. My hips should be square (I will make sure they do not twist.) If I find it difficult to keep my balance I will hold onto my ear with my other hand and focus.* I will stretch the Semitendinosus, Biceps Femoris and Semi Membranosus by placing one foot in face up of the other bend your back knee while keeping my front leg straight. Raise the hips and lean your body slightly over. After holding this stretch for 10-15 seconds, I will slowly raise the toes of my front foot so that they point towards the ceiling (I will keep my heel firmly on the ground.) Doing this will produce a full stretch down the back of the leg, i.e. Semitendinosus, Biceps Femoris, Semi Membranosus and gastrocnemius muscle.* I will move my legs apart (wide stance), I will then bend forwards with my hands flat to floor.* Right foot behind left at 90 degrees right leg flexed, left leg straight, bend forward to left foot. Left foot behind lef t at 90 degrees left leg flexed, right leg straight, bend forward to right foot.* To stretch the Adductors Longus, Brevis and Magnus both feet will be flat on the floor and facing forward. I will lean over to one side keeping the other leg straight, bend the knee at the side you are leaning over to increase the intensity of the stretch.* To stretch my Gastrocnemius I will put one foot in front of the other and bend youre your front knee. The back leg will be kept straight and the rear heel will be kept firmly on the floor throughout the stretch. This stretch is often carried out against a wall. The Gastrocnemius is stretched by flexing your elbows and moving your body weight forward. Stretch forward until you feel a gentle pull in the lower leg.* To stretch the Soleus, the front knee is bent and is pushed towards the ground, while staying over and just in front of the foot. A gentle pull should be felt in the lower one third of the leg. The knee can then be directed medially and lat erally to stretch different areas.Ankles* To mobilise my ankle joint I will move the sole of the foot inwards (inversion) and then turn it outwards (eversion).* I will then move the foot downwards (away from the tibia) which isknown as plantar flexion and then I will move it upwards (towards the tibia) and this is known as dorsi flexion. This mobilises the Tibialis Anterior, Gastrocnemius and Soleus.

Complex Adaptive System

In-class Paper 3November 8, 2011 Topic Define what a convoluted adaptative system is and identify the characteristics of complex adaptive systems Discuss how complex adaptive systems influence health c be and subsequently nursing practice. Use slips form your practice to convey your understanding of complexness as it relates to your nursing practice. Outline Introduction Complex adaptive system is a collection of individual agents with freedom to act in ways that argon non always totally predictable and whose actions are interconnected so that one agents actions changes the context for other agents. (GPlsek, P. E. & Greenhalgh, T. 2001) Characteristics of complex adaptive systems are unpredictable interconnected, unclear boundaries, constant changing members, members to a fault belong to other systems, each member uses internalized rules (these can, and likely are, different for each person and are not fixed). Complex system can influence health care because they can wee positiv e or negative outcomes, they influence other systems and create stress and paradox that may be difficult to solve Body Because the complex adaptive system is always changing, and interconnected with other systems so it will create m any(prenominal) difficulty in answer the problems.In clinical settings, student nurses have to think critically and take multiple approach in order to substitute or solve the problems. Give examples from clinical settings Conclusion Restate the significances of complex adaptive system and how it can influence clinical settings as well as health care Health care is a complex system. Therere varieties of different professions in healthcare from nurses to doctors, specialist, paramedics and even the concept of health itself is truly complex as therere many determinants that can influence ones health.Moreover, health care matches the definition of a complex adaptive system, which is a collection of individual agents with freedom to act in ways that are n ot always totally predictable and whose actions are interconnected so that one agents actions changes the context for other agents. (GPlsek, P. E. & Greenhalgh, T. , 2001). The characteristics of the complex adaptive system are that it is unpredictable nterconnected, have unclear boundaries, constant changing members, members also belong to other systems, each member uses internalized rules (these can, and likely are, different for each person and are not fixed). Therefore, in order to work effectively in such complex system, nurses are required to have the competence to adapt to the systems characteristics and utilize their best skills and knowledge to solve complex cases in complicated situations. The complex adaptive system is unpredictable, interconnected and usually have unclear boundaries.For example, at my clinical setting, which is a french immersion elementary school, is an example of a complex adaptive system. The school itself is a complex system because the students in the school is not only comprised of English speakers, but also the French speakers populations, and the instructors needs to know both language in order to communicate, to teach the students effectively. Students also come from different backgrounds, they have different ethnicities and different personalities.However, the schools motto is Better Together which promotes the interconnectivity as they needs to work together to achieve the school goals. The interconnectivity characteristic is also demonstrated in an unwanted solidus happened at the school. Grade 3 students there really like to play soccer, however, one day, there was a fist fight broke out surrounded by two students during a soccer game during recess, consequently, in order to ensure safety and that no conflicts would occur in the future because of soccer, soccer is banned at the school.The banning of soccer at recess elucidated to us as nursing students and the school staff that we need to do by and improve the pro blem solving skills for the say 3 students in order to prevent similar undesired occurrence to happen in the future. At this point, the boundaries in the school is not clearly move as teach the Health class is not nursing students responsibility, but the school expressed their need to us and wants us to do some interventions active it.Therefore, we devised to talk to the grade 3 teachers and ask for permission to teach the health class on days that we are at the sites to implement our intervention and address the problem solving issues among students. In Health class, we decided to act out skits of conflicting situations and have the students to come up with their ideas using appropriate problem solving skills to resolve the conflicts. By doing that, we nursing students are not only take on the section of the student nurses, we are also the health class teacher on Tuesday to the grade 3 students.This example demonstrates that the context of the complex adaptive system (elementa ry school) really influences our nursing practice as we take on the role of Health class instructors to enhance grade 3 student conflict management skills. We exemplifie The above analysis shows that the complex adaptive system and its unique characteristics has strongly influence nursing practice in different context. As a competent nurse, we have to have the critical thinking skills, being creative and adapting to any situation in order to come up with the best possible interventions.

Paper on the Costs and Benefits of Building Society

At the beginning of this century there were more(prenominal) than 2000 construct societies, fiercely independent correlative arrangements, formed in the spirit of Victorian self help. There be at familiarize just 71. Some of these that fall in disappeared were terminating societies with a fixed wind up date. The last terminating society was the Fist Salisbury which wound up in 1980. Other societies guard been swallowed up in take up-overs or converted into banks in the great 1997 demutualisation.This assignment will discuss this trend with particular reference to the potential costs and benefits in the short and long term. This assignment will examine the costs and benefits to the create societies as well as those to the members and staff.The Costs and Benefits to the create SocietyConversion to plc status is seen as having the major prefer that there would be remedydom from the set upations imposed by the grammatical construction Societies execute 1986, 1997 the st atutory framework for the Building Society industry. The restrictions the Act impose include the pursual1) 75% of all lending has to be secured against residential propertyThis means that Building Societies are limited in their participation in the more risky, besides more rewarding unsecured lending. At the moment, Societies quarter make unsecured personal loans up to a limit of 15,000 per customer, whereas there is no ceiling for Banks. Building Societies with less than 100m of assets are not permitted to make unsecured loans.2) No more than 50% of bullion may be raised on the sell marketsThis limit was previously 40% before the revised 1997 Building Societies Act.Building societies squander eagerly taken the opportunity to raise money in the wholesale markets, which make water frequently proved to be the cheapest source of wholesale funds (Wholesale funds are large deposits placed by companies and financial institutions, bearing an gratify send in line with the market calculate rather than base grade). They have used these funds to even out any shortfall in the inflow of retail funds to meet the mortgage demand.Banks have no ceiling on raising wholesale funds, which are usually cheaper than retail funds. Building Societies may besides rein themselves at a disadvantage in access to wholesale funds at competitive range. As only 50% of funds can be raised from the wholesale market only the very largest societies can maintain the necessary standing in the international capital markets which allows wholesale funds to be tapped on the finest terms. Equally, the capacity to cope with the volatility of the wholesale markets and the risks they pose, requires Treasury management teams on an increasing sophistication to which only the largest societies can aspire.3) in the beginning the 1997 Act, edifice societies could only crack cocaine temporary or occasional overdrafts tocorporate customers. Now building societies can establish subsidiaries to lend to business customers, still have not yet become significant lenders to industry. This is in contrast to banks who are verymuch regarded as lenders to businesses. As a result of the Building Societies Act 1997, building societies are now withal able to a) make unsecured loans to incorporated businessesb) to own a everyday insurance company which could write trapping related policies (buildings, contents and mortgage gestatement protection insurance).Building Societies are limited in raising capital. Until 1991 building societies could only raise capital by means of retained profits. Now larger societies, to increase capital, can issue Permanent Interest Bearing Shares (PIBS). This is in contrast to plcs who are free to raise capital in the market by issuing assigns and bonds if they plan to expand. An example of this is Barclays 1987 rights issue to raise 921m to pay growth.Building societies cannot in general engage in take-overs of, or mergers with other types of financ ial institutions in order to expand their breadth of operations, and retain their mutual status. Banks have this freedom and can finance mergers and acquisitions through the issue of in the raw covers, whereas building societies can only finance acquisitions with cash.Efficiency is also an issue as a plc profit making organisation is perceived as having greater efficiency than a mutual organisation. However competition has proved a spur to efficiency at least as effective as the disciplinary effect of a public quotation (PRIMA). As a result of the break up of the societies cartel arrangements for setting interest grade, the banks have made successful inroads into the mortgage and savings markets and hence competition is today very strong.There are many costs and disadvantages associated with building societies converting to banks includingThe new plc will be regulated by the Bank of England, rather than the building societies commission. The plc will operate under the Banking Ac t 1987, compared to the Building Societies Act 1987, 1997. The plc may find it difficult and time consuming, at least initially, to deal with the new method of regulation. The Governments planned new super regulatory body may also provided further legislation that has to be adhered to.2) Need to pay out dividends and ability and pay competitive interestThe plc will find itself under stuff to pay out growing dividends to shareholders. This reduces retained earnings, thereby reducing the plcs ability to pay competitive interest rates. In the past building societies have been able to operate on a narrower margin than banks between their rates to the depositors and borrowers becausea) their low management cost (due to their less complicated specialist business)b) no requirements to pay dividendsc) low capital requirements due to the low risk nature of their assetsd) because the banks tended to subsidise their money transmission service by their deposit accounts, which lessens their abi lity to struggle in the savings market.3) The plc becomes open to possible take-over bidsThe change of status may have adverse effects on the institutions image with customers. This may adversely affect its ability to compete with Building Societies.Building Societies are generally regarded as friendly institutions, concerned first and foremost with the customer. A comprehensive moot of public perceptions of different financial institutions conducted in 1987 showed that building societies enjoy a positive rating of 85%, compared with only 51% for the high street banks (Personal pay & The Future of the fiscal High Street, Research Associates, March 1988). Building societies have traditionally been seen as a safe depository for the savings of working concourse. Building Societies are safe and a principal reason why is that interdependency has restricted them to safe, low risk activities. This safety and friendliness have strong customer appeals, which may be lost if conversion to plc status takes place.In general building societies have low levels of bad debt relative to banks. The lower levels of bad debt can be put down to the loaning restrictions set down by the Building Societies Act 1986, 1997 (e.g. 75% of loans must be secured against residential property).In 1997 a number of building societies decided to give up their mutual status in favour of plc status. These conversions and take-overs resulted in a number of windfall payments to society members. These windfalls were in the form of cash or free shares. The size of windfall varies from society to society, provided investors due to observe windfalls from all the building societies that surrendered their mutual status during 1997 (Halifax, blue Rock, Alliance & Leicester, Woolwich, Bristol & West) can expect shares worth an average total of about 6,000 (IC vol. 120/1524 page 34).This is clearly a short term benefit to members but it is argued that as plcs these causation mutuals will in the long term not be able to offer such attractive interest rates for borrowers and savers. Christopher Rodrigues, Chief Executive of the Bradford & Bingley argues The one off benefit of plc conversion is here today, gone tomorrow. The higher savings rates and lower loan rates of mutuality are for life not just for flotation day. Mr Rodrigues points out mutuals dont have to consider the demands of shareholders particularly for high dividends or share price growth so profits can go to members via reveal interest rates on savings accounts for example.Which?, the respected Consumers Association magazine has also criticised these conversions and claims the new banks will be forced to squeeze customers for maximum profitability. Which? Argues that mutuals offer better interest rates for savers and borrowers.This case of mutuals offering better rates is problematic to prove in practice as there are so many financial intermediaries, products, min balances and interest rates available. For examp le, the Which? Report only examined both products over a narrow period of time. Most of their mortgage research is based only on the 12 months to March 1997, a period when the converting societies knew they could stick away with charging windfall seeking customers more than their rivals.Over the longer term Money Facts, a savings rate specialist, claims mutuals record in savings rate exceed buy tables is poor. Each year Money Facts publishes details of how much money you would have if you had invested with each of the 90 or so Tessa providers 5 historic period previously. Just one of the five largest mutual building societies made it into the top 25 Tessa providers. The same was true last year. A quick look at the mortgage market tells a similar story.Research conducted by myself paints a similar picture. Investors Chronicle, a weekly investment magazine published by the Financial Times, carries a weekly updated table of highest deposit rates ( appurtenance 1). As at 29 January 1998 out of 36 financial intermediaries listed on this table offering the best deals on various products (e.g. Tessa, Instant Access up to 2500) only 13 of them are mutual.In recent months, there has been a rush of new entrants to the banking bowl that offer better deals than the mutuals and established high street banks. Insurer, Legal & General (60 Day Notice Minimum 2500 7.65%) and supermarket, Safeway (Instant Access Minimum 1000 7.3%) (Appendix 1), for example, both offer excellent interest rates on savings accounts. Equally, Scottish Widows mortgage products are very cheap.Even if believed that mutuals offer better savings and mortgage rates it is a long wait for building societies to de put outr the same return as there converting counterparts. One case that illustrates this point is a saver that had 5,000 in an instant access account run by Nationwide whose members rejected conversion this summer would earn more money than he would at the Woolwich (see Appendix 2). Howeve r even if you were a non taxpayer, it would take more than 50 years to make 1500 (Woolwich windfall approx. 2000) extra in interest payments. The lure of the mutual building societies is not so compelling as it is often presented.Some building societies have recognised that they need some sort of scheme with which they can compete with the attractions of windfall bonuses. The Nationwide, Bradford & Bingley and Yorkshire have all announced cash back schemes where members will get a larger slice of the profits in the form of better interest rates. The Britannia has actually paid cash bonuses worth 35m to members. However the average payout to members was 35.Another aspect of consideration is the treatment the customer receives. Mutuals almost always squash banks in surveys on customer friendliness. Building societies staff are perceived by customers, according to market research, as more friendly, more pleasant and more interested in their jobs than those of banks and other financial institutions. (PRIMA).Many building societies have branches in estate agents in small communities. These branches are not usually prolifically profitable, but provide a valid service to the community. As plcs are profit making organisations there is a trend that community branches are closed in(p) after conversion. The Abbey National, for example, closed 1000 community branches after conversion and all 200 of National & Provincials when it took it over. This is a great cost to those who live in these communities. Many are old people who are now faced with travelling long distances to get their money.Plc pay is generally higher than mutual pay for the senior managers of a building society. Peter Birch, Abbey Nationals, Chief Executive, pay has increased from 173,000 pa in 1987 to 450,000 pa in 1996 and he now owns shares worth 1.8m. This is in contrast to the Chief Executive of Halifax whos pay did not increase by anywhere as much and was unable to receive share options. There is a clear benefit to the senior mangers of a converted building society, but in the long run they are also more open to being removed by discontented shareholders or a take-over. Share options are believed to produce more motivated and committed staff.In conclusion there are potentially more benefits to the Building Society than costs. The major benefit being the escaping from the limitations imposed by the BSA. The Building Societies Act 1986, 1997 excluded building societies from potentially more profitable, if riskier business. The regulatory constraints on a plc are less onerous than those on a mutual basis therefore although banks are area to continuous Bank of England supervision, the basic limitations are the scope of company articles of association whereas building societies must comply with highly specific requirements of the Building Societies Act 1986, 1997 on such matters as the permitted proportions of wholesale funding, unsecured lending and advances by class of asset.In general, members also have potentially more benefits than costs. In the short-term members of converting societies have the benefit of windfall payments. In the long run it is claimed that members will lose out in less competitive interest rates, however this is very fleshy to prove. Even if it can be proved, the savings and mortgage rates offered by the mutuals will only be marginally better than those offered by the non-mutuals. It will take years to earn the equivalent of a windfall bonus from a mutual in the form of better interest. Some people urge others to recall about the next generation and that one day there will be no mutuals left, but at present most of the best rates are offered by the new entrants to the banking arena (e.g. Safeway).Any member who retained their membership of a converted society through retaining their share allocation, at present would be benefiting even more. The reason for this is that the share prices are higher today than when the societies flo ated. Secondly as this is being written the Woolwich as part of its amah full year results announced a fresh 100m windfall for Woolwich investors. A 6.5p special dividend added to the total year dividend of 9.5p will put 105 in the pockets of hundreds of thousands of former Woolwich members who received the average windfall package of 657 shares. The Woolwich will also seek authority to return a further 100m to 200m of excess capital to share holders later(prenominal) this year in share buy backs.There is a clear cost to those members who relied on a community branch, however have these usually retired people examined the alternative technology available (e.g. telephone banking, cheques, debit cards etc.).Staff (particularly senior management) will benefit as a plc is able to offer share options which are believed to produce more motivated and committed staff. Senior management will also usually have greater increases in pay. These people are not FAT CATS they do a complex job and are paid the going market rate. In the long run senior managers of a plc are easier to remove from the company if their performance is poor.All in all the benefits of conversion outweigh the costs. This is true for all the interested parties, i.e. the building society, the members and the staff.

Human Organ Shouldn’t Ligalize

The sale of organs means that organs are upstage from in stead the body for the purpose of commercial transactions. Although the sales of man organs have been put one overe since long ago, and there are many claims and proposal to understand it legal, a lot of oppositions are against this idea. * Money the purpose Considering the poor status of most donors, one of the primary stated reasons for organ selling is to pay finish up debt. Those who are poorest are frequently seen as more reliable targets for transplant tourists because they are the most in need of money.It is said by the other side that legalizing the organ sale can help heap who are in need to continue to survive. But at the same time, it also accessions money proneness for many poor people. For example, in 2007 a man in UK tried to sell his kidney online for 24,000 pounds in order to pay off his gambling. * Increase crimes and black commercialise Legality of the organ sale would even encourage organ theft throu gh murder and neglect sick individuals for a financial gain. There are many case like beautiful girls or handsome men trying to attract someone and flirting around with them until they agree to go with n end up waking without kidneys.Another example, Few families would turn down the opportunity to receive compensation (ensure financial stability or the dead is the main earner), so they may charge the hospital the same price, or they will turn to black market for higher price. Besides, there might be some execrable who break the promise to pay the donor higher core for the organ than it was actually paid out or even escape without payment. * Imbalance among the rich and the poor Payment for organ is likely to take unfair advantage of the poor.Even if organ trade is legalized, it is still the third world wealthy people who can afford the organ for transplantation. And the poor people are still vulnerable and unfortunate because they are the one who always see donation. Moreover, it is injustice to kick down pure organ to those rich people who usually spending lot of money on drinking, eating, party, and cause the disease by themselves. * Health TheWHOfirst state organ trade illegal in 1987 *Affect to living donor Although some medical research proved that there are not many effects on the donors with their left organs.However, a question is asked that if it is not so important, why people are born with both organ, for example kidneys or livers. Kidneys or livers do not regenerate as the other gentlemans gentleman products like blood or sperm. WHO reports has shown that there is decrease in clement well being, especially, those who make living on physical labor. 96% of donors regret selling their organs. *Affect to recipient It is risky to introduce trafficking diseased organ to recipients because those donors often comes from the poor universe where they dont live well and receive good health care.There is a possibility of 118 to acquire HIV from such t ransplant. The diseases dont show up on the screen of the analysis probably because they just start within three weeks before the donors death. whiz more thing is the change of recipients body rejecting of organ result from different blood type or genetic make-up. * Ethical concern *Violate human right The state often denies individuals the right to do certain things with their bodies because they may not make good decision for themselves.Furthermore, any procedure which tends to commercialize human organs or to consider them as items of exchange or trade must be considered morally unacceptable, because to use the body as an object is to bumble the dignity of the human mortal. World Health Organization said that the transplantation promotes health but transplantation tourism violates human right. Organs can be bought and sold arbitrarily. *Corruption There is corruption in healthcare system and government and it sometimes turn to organ trafficking. For instance, In India, a patie nt unsuspecting that his kidney transplant procedure took place and was asked to pay after that.For example, in 2006 China made selling of executed prisoners organs and claimed that those prisoners had filed agreement and permission, but still the Chinese officials are suspected of these corrupted activities that the profit might go to them not the donors or their families. * Religion For the religious view, body and soul are one entity and precise valuable that cannot be treated as property and make business. Traditionally, Muslim believes that oppose donation from human living and deceased donors because the human body is numinous thing from God so any part of the body must not be separated in life or death.Chinese customs surround for people to be buried or cremated with the body complete orginally. One die-hard superstition has it that if an organ is taken from a body after death, the person in question will be reborn with a handicap in that organ in his or her next life. No wadays, trade in human organs is illegal in all countries except Iran. Before, India and Philippine used to legalize this activity too but it turns out that they ban it later on, and it is release enough why it couldnt be practiced.There must be many complicated issues occurred. Solution The solutions have been put forward to both increase the amount of legally available organs and stop the flow of illegal organ trafficking around the world. One policy is presumed consent. (Successful in Brazil, US, several nations of Europe and increase the amount of organs available), patient can choose not to donate by submitting document. Worldwide, the trend has been move toward increased regulation of organ trading internationally.

Ford Motor Company Case Study

- - traverse Motor companionship Case Report - administrator Summary crossway Motor guild has a commodious history, starting in Michigan in 1903. They drive home focused on designing and manufacturing and scram been genuinely successful, however with increasing competition, ball-shaped markets and everyplace-capacity the company needs to port at ways to mend profit energy. The company has implemented various programs and processes to create a tend, responsive system with better consumer forecasting.Their altercate is to continue to research ways to stay viable in flow rate market and industry conditions. dingle Computers has been very successful with a moderate beat and virtual integrating that may or non work salubrious for crosswalk. CONTENTS * ISSUE3 * ANALYSIS4 * ALTERNATIVES6 * RECOMMENDATIONS 7 * IMPLEMENTATION 8 * determination8 * REFERENCES9 * ISSUE The Ford Motor Company is facing a number of challenges including the direction of chief executive offic er Jac Nasser to focus on guest responsiveness and sh atomic number 18holder economic value to deal with increasing competitiveness, an industry with electromotive force oer-capacity and the expansion into globalized markets.Ford had begun to implement systems to reduce cycle-time, neuter quality and to lower costs. Programs included consolidating product development into five vehicle Centres (VCs), reeingineered processes such as indian lodge to obstetrical delivery (OTD), Fort Production System (FPS) and Business to Business (B2B) capacity. Additionally, schooling flow was analyzed to overcome geographical constraints, thus go a critical comp unrivalednt of Fords global approach. During the early(prenominal) decade the company has implemented many programs and processes becoming the most purifyd auto maker with steady upward trending sales and depict profit sharing.The show chain initially had a arse of many competitive suppliers until the 1990s when they began to blend toward fewer, long term supplier relationships. Ford fostered relationships with layer one suppliers who would interface with tier two and other suppliers. With Fords support, the suppliers tried a variety of strategies including Just-In-Time (JIT) memorial, summarize Quality Management (TQM) and Statistical work on Control (SPC). A limitation emerged in the variance of IT expertise and capability among the supply chain members.To reach the death of reduced cycle time, creating a lean and flexible process, Ford is researching dell Computers successful direct prototype to see if this virtual desegregation system would work for them. The direct mould reduces the time and costs of third party distribution through direct interfacing with as few partners as realistic as a way to improve production and customer responsiveness. The challenge is to determine if this system will work for Ford Motor Company. * ANALYSIS The CEOs directive is complicated by various factors.While dingles direct sit works for dell, it may or may not be effective with Ford. The company has been through a decade of change and adjustments to various processes and directions and while the option is available, a decision is not urgent as Ford is in a fairly unplayful position. Dells direct sham involves a customer focus, small numbers of supplier partnerships, customization, a just-in-time inventory and manufacturing. In order to do this, Dell ties in technology to communicate and coordinate these goals and strategies. They use what they call vertical integration.This subject matter that they work very tight with customers and suppliers including actually having staff on invest working directly with customers and partners, sharing knowledge and knowledge to enable flexibility and effectiveness reducing cycle propagation. Dell establishes partnerships or collaborations with their customers and suppliers which is much like controlled outsourcing. Michael Dell of Dell compu ters argues that outsourcing is traditionally a way to get rid of a problem. His direct model, in contrast, is partnering with companies who ar treated as though they are internal staff.This model improves the level of information sharing and motivation to succeed as a team. Technology means that the information sharing rotter be easily and effectively done in a win-win type of arrangement. The challenge is to maintain these relationships and focus on the proletariat at hand. Providing suppliers with real-time information and up to date demand enables the supplier to act accordingly to meet Dells requirements. Removing multiple layers and working nearly with customers and suppliers re breaks the possibility of misinformation, reaction time and ability to not only react, but to make much accurate forecasts.Dell has been able to streamline their customer response times by helping the customer solve what they need. They make it easier for the customer to make the decisions and a re ultimately preparing for it while the conversation is happening. Dell acts as a adviser and trainer acquiring direct feedback and get a line information for planning, research and development. They include key people from a wide range of responsibilities in regular meetings to secure communication, ideas and overall commitment from the entire supply chain. practical(prenominal) integration goes even further to merge the traditional roles and boundaries of the supply chain.Dell argues that the direct model and virtual integration is beneficial to the customer from distribution to manufacturing and design. This model works for Dell, but whether it would work for Ford is the question. Ford has already reduced its supply chain base by dealing with Tier one suppliers to use Just-In-Time inventory processes and other strategies to improve commitment and capability. They implemented the Ford Production System (FPS), foc using on key parts of the manufacturing process to improve effi ciency. The Synchronous Material Flow (SMF) was developed to ensure a continuous flow of materials.This was done by using lean manufacturing concepts, careful scheduling and sequenced assembly. Their Order to Delivery (OTD) process was also developed to streamline the cycle time, reducing the order to delivery from 65 days to as little as 15 days. In order to do this they used forecasting, keeping 15 days of vehicles in the assembly plants order bank, using regional combine centers for deliveries and a responsive order amendment process. Last but not least(prenominal) they worked on something called the Ford Retail profit (FRN) to test best practices and to create an start distribution channel.The idea was to consolidate Fords efforts to contend against the competition of other auto makers rather than compete against each other. Because Dell and Ford are such different companies it is difficult to know if vertical integration would work. Dell is a smaller company whose current success is imputable to customer focus, get in demand, speed of response and virtual integration. In contrast, Ford is a much larger company with a Gordian and long-standing system of supply chain leadership where purchasing was historically heavily involved in the various activities of the company.A move to virtual integration requires that roles shift and responsibilities change to allow greater collaboration and information sharing. ALTERNATIVES Differences between the companies include dealer networks, product and process complexity, age and size of it of the company, good expertise and control over systems. Ford has a great heart of control, difficulty forecasting customer needs, higher product complexity, a strong dealer network and unionized labour. Dell is relatively new, there is high technical expertise, the product is not as complex, forecasting can be fairly accurate and their supplier relationships are good.Ford enjoys a significant amount of control over their s upply chain, manufacturing, assembly and distribution, while Dell may not be able to exercise control depending on the relationships built and arrangements made. At this time, Ford does not really need to make a decision to change their business model, but there is a budge for greater globalization, efficiency and flexibility. They can move toward virtual integration, stay the same, or adopt some kind of balance of the direct model with their current model.Because of their size and established supply chain, a move toward vertical integration and a direct model would mean fairly drastic changes and giving up controls that have been carefully developed over the past decade. That said, staying the same would not be advisable, as the market is increasingly competitive on the local and global stage. Ford will be required to look at further adaptations to their operations in order to stay competitive. RECOMMENDATION It would be advisable for Ford to examine vertical integration in at lea st some areas of their operations.Because this requires high levels of technology, they can work with Tier one suppliers to develop collaborations and more extensive information sharing. Doing nothing is not usually a feasible option in successful business and full integration would be very difficult to action and my not have the results that Dell has due to the various differences in the companies and their products. IMPLEMENTATION Ford can use focus groups and regular meetings to move toward a direct model in at least some areas of the business.The dealer network may be used as an advantage to forecasting if they work more closely with the development teams, manufacturing and assembly plants. The customer focus groups can begin to develop relationships that help to develop what customers want and might have as potions can be insightful and will improve forecasting. Purchasing, engineering, marketing and other groups can get involved in these focus groups, which may also encourage communion and collaboration toward cohesive end results. * CONCLUSIONFord has implemented many strategies successfully and has been forward thinking in their consideration of various models and options. Becoming red-hot may or may not work to their advantage as buying a car is a decision that is weighed carefully and is a larger investment than choosing a computer or laptop. The speed at which the company supplies a vehicle once ordered is important, but I suggest, not as important as the customer getting the options, financing and service that they expect with this type of purchase.That said, customers expect greater customization and choice than ever before. Whether Ford takes on this model or chooses to research another model is a step in the right direction. Supply chain management is a large part of how well the company can respond to customer needs and ultimately create profit and ongoing competitive advantage. * REFERENCES Austin, Robert D. , Ford Motor Company Supply tr ain Strategy, 9-699-198, Harvard Business School Publishing, 1999. Magretta, Joan (2001) The Power of Virtual Integration An Interview with Michael Dell, Harvard Business ReviewFord Motor Company Case Study- - Ford Motor Company Case Report - Executive Summary Ford Motor Company has a long history, starting in Michigan in 1903. They have focused on designing and manufacturing and have been very successful, however with increasing competition, global markets and over-capacity the company needs to look at ways to improve profitability. The company has implemented various programs and processes to create a lean, responsive system with better consumer forecasting.Their challenge is to continue to research ways to stay viable in current market and industry conditions. Dell Computers has been very successful with a direct model and virtual integration that may or not work well for Ford. CONTENTS * ISSUE3 * ANALYSIS4 * ALTERNATIVES6 * RECOMMENDATIONS 7 * IMPLEMENTATION 8 * CONCLUSION8 * RE FERENCES9 * ISSUE The Ford Motor Company is facing a number of challenges including the direction of CEO Jac Nasser to focus on customer responsiveness and shareholder value to deal with increasing competitiveness, an industry with potential over-capacity and the expansion into globalized markets.Ford had begun to implement systems to reduce cycle-time, improve quality and to lower costs. Programs included consolidating product development into five Vehicle Centres (VCs), reeingineered processes such as Order to Delivery (OTD), Fort Production System (FPS) and Business to Business (B2B) capacity. Additionally, information flow was examined to overcome geographical constraints, thus becoming a critical component of Fords global approach. During the past decade the company has implemented many programs and processes becoming the most improved automaker with steady upward trending sales and record profit sharing.The supply chain initially had a base of many competitive suppliers until the 1990s when they began to move toward fewer, long term supplier relationships. Ford fostered relationships with tier one suppliers who would interface with tier two and other suppliers. With Fords support, the suppliers tried a variety of strategies including Just-In-Time (JIT) inventory, Total Quality Management (TQM) and Statistical Process Control (SPC). A limitation emerged in the variance of IT expertise and capability among the supply chain members.To reach the goal of reduced cycle time, creating a lean and flexible process, Ford is researching Dell Computers successful direct model to see if this virtual integration system would work for them. The direct model reduces the time and costs of third party distribution through direct interfacing with as few partners as possible as a way to improve production and customer responsiveness. The challenge is to determine if this system will work for Ford Motor Company. * ANALYSIS The CEOs directive is complicated by various factors .While Dells direct model works for Dell, it may or may not be effective with Ford. The company has been through a decade of change and adjustments to various processes and directions and while the option is available, a decision is not urgent as Ford is in a fairly good position. Dells direct model involves a customer focus, small numbers of supplier partnerships, customization, a just-in-time inventory and manufacturing. In order to do this, Dell ties in technology to communicate and coordinate these goals and strategies. They use what they call vertical integration.This means that they work very closely with customers and suppliers including actually having staff on site working directly with customers and partners, sharing information and knowledge to enable flexibility and effectiveness reducing cycle times. Dell establishes partnerships or collaborations with their customers and suppliers which is much like controlled outsourcing. Michael Dell of Dell computers argues that out sourcing is traditionally a way to get rid of a problem. His direct model, in contrast, is partnering with companies who are treated as though they are internal staff.This model improves the level of information sharing and motivation to succeed as a team. Technology means that the information sharing can be easily and effectively done in a win-win type of arrangement. The challenge is to maintain these relationships and focus on the task at hand. Providing suppliers with real-time information and up to date demand enables the supplier to act accordingly to meet Dells requirements. Removing multiple layers and working closely with customers and suppliers removes the possibility of misinformation, reaction time and ability to not only react, but to make more accurate forecasts.Dell has been able to streamline their customer response times by helping the customer decide what they need. They make it easier for the customer to make the decisions and are ultimately preparing for it while the conversation is happening. Dell acts as a consultant and trainer getting direct feedback and key information for planning, research and development. They include key people from a wide range of responsibilities in regular meetings to ensure communication, ideas and overall commitment from the entire supply chain. Virtual integration goes even further to merge the traditional roles and boundaries of the supply chain.Dell argues that the direct model and virtual integration is beneficial to the customer from distribution to manufacturing and design. This model works for Dell, but whether it would work for Ford is the question. Ford has already reduced its supply chain base by dealing with Tier one suppliers to use Just-In-Time inventory processes and other strategies to improve commitment and capability. They implemented the Ford Production System (FPS), focusing on key parts of the manufacturing process to improve efficiency. The Synchronous Material Flow (SMF) was developed to ensure a continuous flow of materials.This was done by using lean manufacturing concepts, careful scheduling and sequenced assembly. Their Order to Delivery (OTD) process was also developed to streamline the cycle time, reducing the order to delivery from 65 days to as little as 15 days. In order to do this they used forecasting, keeping 15 days of vehicles in the assembly plants order bank, using regional mixing centers for deliveries and a responsive order amendment process. Last but not least they worked on something called the Ford Retail Network (FRN) to test best practices and to create an alternate distribution channel.The idea was to consolidate Fords efforts to compete against the competition of other auto makers rather than compete against each other. Because Dell and Ford are such different companies it is difficult to know if vertical integration would work. Dell is a smaller company whose current success is due to customer focus, pull demand, speed of response and virtu al integration. In contrast, Ford is a much larger company with a complex and long-standing system of supply chain leadership where purchasing was historically heavily involved in the various activities of the company.A move to virtual integration requires that roles shift and responsibilities change to allow greater collaboration and information sharing. ALTERNATIVES Differences between the companies include dealer networks, product and process complexity, age and size of the company, technical expertise and control over systems. Ford has a great amount of control, difficulty forecasting customer needs, higher product complexity, a strong dealer network and unionized labour. Dell is relatively new, there is high technical expertise, the product is not as complex, forecasting can be fairly accurate and their supplier relationships are good.Ford enjoys a significant amount of control over their supply chain, manufacturing, assembly and distribution, while Dell may not be able to exer cise control depending on the relationships built and arrangements made. At this time, Ford does not really need to make a decision to change their business model, but there is a push for greater globalization, efficiency and flexibility. They can move toward virtual integration, stay the same, or adopt some kind of balance of the direct model with their current model.Because of their size and established supply chain, a move toward vertical integration and a direct model would mean fairly drastic changes and giving up controls that have been carefully developed over the past decade. That said, staying the same would not be advisable, as the market is increasingly competitive on the local and global stage. Ford will be required to look at further adaptations to their operations in order to stay competitive. RECOMMENDATION It would be advisable for Ford to examine vertical integration in at least some areas of their operations.Because this requires high levels of technology, they can work with Tier one suppliers to develop collaborations and more extensive information sharing. Doing nothing is not usually a feasible option in successful business and full integration would be very difficult to accomplish and my not have the results that Dell has due to the various differences in the companies and their products. IMPLEMENTATION Ford can use focus groups and regular meetings to move toward a direct model in at least some areas of the business.The dealer network may be used as an advantage to forecasting if they work more closely with the development teams, manufacturing and assembly plants. The customer focus groups can begin to develop relationships that help to develop what customers want and might have as potions can be insightful and will improve forecasting. Purchasing, engineering, marketing and other groups can get involved in these focus groups, which may also encourage dialogue and collaboration toward cohesive end results. * CONCLUSIONFord has implemente d many strategies successfully and has been forward thinking in their consideration of various models and options. Becoming faster may or may not work to their advantage as buying a car is a decision that is weighed carefully and is a bigger investment than choosing a computer or laptop. The speed at which the company supplies a vehicle once ordered is important, but I suggest, not as important as the customer getting the options, financing and service that they expect with this type of purchase.That said, customers expect greater customization and choice than ever before. Whether Ford takes on this model or chooses to research another model is a step in the right direction. Supply chain management is a large part of how well the company can respond to customer needs and ultimately create profit and ongoing competitive advantage. * REFERENCES Austin, Robert D. , Ford Motor Company Supply Chain Strategy, 9-699-198, Harvard Business School Publishing, 1999. Magretta, Joan (2001) The P ower of Virtual Integration An Interview with Michael Dell, Harvard Business Review

Contrast essay on Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

The duality of mankind, or the belief that the human mind is made up of a equitable and evil part, has eer been a matter of great interest for many philosophers, psychologists and writers. Robert Louis Stevensons Dr Jekyll and Mr.Hyde is a unavoidable classic on the subject for its portrayal of both nature in the persons of Hyde and Jekyll is expeditiously drawn in the symbolic descriptions, and the significant critic that is made through the novel, which is the hypocrisy of the society where image is more important than anything else, is still relevant today. Stevenson, in his descriptions of Hyde and Jekyll and their actions demonstrates how the good part of the human mind (Jekyll) is break in, more develop than the darker one, the innate evil, embodied by Hyde, which is harmful for society and the individual.First, the physical appearance tells us a lot nigh Hyde and Jekyll and, at the same time, what the author thinks about the two parts of the human mind. Jekyll is t comple tely, handsome and well-built a large well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty () with every mark of capacity and kindness. His hands are large, firm, white and comely. In the descriptions made by observers, Jekyll appears to be a perfect, distinguished gentlemen. The good part of the human mind is therefore perceived as eminent, more distinguished than the other part. Indeed, Stevenson reinforces this position with Hydes physiognomy. Hyde, is seen by other people who rival him as a dangerous and terrifying beast. Although they can non name why, Hyde appears to those who meet him as repulsively ugly.He is younger than Jekyll but he is ape-like and dwarfish and also more sm every last(predicate)er than Jekyll, for instance Jekylls clothes dont fit him. As the doctor says in his statement, his counterpart was less robust and less developed. Utterson even says God bless me, the man is hardly human and adds that Hyde looks like a troglodyte Hydes hands are not at all like the doctors han ds It was lean, corded ()of a dusky pallor, and thickly shaded with a swart growth of hair. Stevenson, through his symbolic substance abuse of hair and small stature in his description of Hyde shows that this one is less developed and less distinguished than Jekyll. The good part of the human mind, embodied by Jekyll is superior to the evil one, less developed and less attractive.Second, the setting is very relevant to the theme and tells us a lot about the differences between Hyde and Jekyll. The tier takes place in prissy London, in the late nineteenth century, on a background of middle-class gentlemen who respect the value of respectability and the dynamic of the Victorian society. Knowing this, we see with the descriptions in the novel, that the doctor is more successful than Hyde. Dr Jekylls house faces onto a square of ancient, grand and handsome houses. Utterson even talks about the hall as the pleasantest room in London, describing it as a comfortable and warmed by a bri ght open fire. nonetheless the butler, Poole, who opens the door, is said to be a well-dressed, loyal, elder and respectable servant.On the other hand, Hydes house is situated in the foggy quarter of Soho looks like a district of some city in a nightmare and is surrounded by a dingy neighbourhood, ragged children and wicked looking women. Hyde, when going to Jekylls house, enters by the lower storey shabby door that faces on a different and dirty street It bore in every feature the label of prolonged and sordid negligence () was blistered and stained. Jekyll, in his last statement, describes the Hydes housekeeper as a unscrupulous creature. Thus, according to the Victorian values, no doubt that Jekyll has, in the novel, a larger amount of ethic than Hyde and therefore is more respectable. Hence, Stevenson demonstrates, with the different places where the action takes place, how Jekyll is superior to Hyde.We see in the behaviour and actions of Hyde and Jekyll how the latter one is better but also how the former one is despicable. Henry Jekyll is a doctor, the caring job among all. He is wealthy, having over a quarter of a million superlative at the time and as he says in his narrative at the end he is well-known and highly considered. His friends, such as Utterson and Lanyon, are all respectable and upright gentlemen who cherish honest hopes. His occupations, which are described this way The doctor gave one of his pleasant dinners to some five or six old(a) cronies, all intelligent reputable man, and all judges of good wine are all worthy and reputable at the time. He also has always done good things for the society, and had always been known for charities () and no less distinguished for religion.Throughout the novel, he always tries to undo the evil done by his other nasty part, Hyde. If the doctor does so, Hyde does exactly the opposite.Right from the beginning, we know that Hyde hangs around in the dirty areas of London, seeking undignified pleasures an d immersing himself into depravity, vices and sins. His acts are described by Jekyll as inherently malign and villainous. His depravity and immorality are also underlined by the different ghastly crimes, taking aim at innocent people, he commits. He first tramples a little girl and leaves her ill-treated, crying on the street and then beats to death a old man. We see that Hyde is not only less developed and more primitive in his actions than Jekyll, but also that these very actions are harmful for the society and lead to the destruction of the individual, as the author demonstrates when Jekyll ultimately commits suicide.In conclusion, Stevenson demonstrates through the physical appearances, the setting and the actions of his characters how the evil part of our mind is small and weaker than the good one. By showing how Hyde is much smaller than Jekyll and by showing that the places and the frequentations he has are less respectable than those of Jekyll, he demonstrates the superiori ty of Jekyll and therefore, the superiority of the good side over the evil one. Stevenson illustrates this by stating all the way the differences between Hyde and Jekyll, the evil and good side. The dark one is not only smaller, weaker and less distinguished but also leads to the destruction of the society and the individual. Stevenson also explores how the repression of the Victorian society leads to the release of that dark side, due to the will to break free from the value of respectability. Thus, we can ask ourselves if this value and the dynamic of repression that was taking place at that time werent partly responsible of the crimes that were committed in the Victorian era.

Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Food Products Essay

British scientific researchers demonstrated that genetically change deoxyribonucleic acid from crops lay approximately take chances its route into human gut bacteria, gentility possible health concerns. This is beca engagement antibiotic- liberal marker genes are inserted with GM material, which could cause a person to be repelling to antibiotic medicines. The study was conducted at Newcastle University on septette human volunteers who, in the past, had their lower intestine removed and at a time use colostomy bags. After eating a burger containing GM soy, researchers compared their s in any casels with 12 flock with normal stomachs.They pose to their surprise that a relatively prominent proportion of genetically modified desoxyribonucleic acid survived the passage through the small bowel. N unrivaled was found in people who had comp allowe stomachs. To imagine if GM DNA competency be be transferred via bacteria to the intestine, they also took bacteria from stools i n the colostomy bags and cultivated them. In three of the heptad samples they found bacteria had disciplinen up the herbicide-resistant gene from the GM food at a very low level.Michael Antonio, a senior lecturer in molecular genetics at Kings College Medical School, Lon put one over, said that the work was signifi sackt because the researchers demonstrated that you can get GM plant DNA in the gut bacteria, which was previously considered to be non possible. Antonio said the research suggests that antibiotic marker genes could sp rent around the stomach and compromise antibiotic resistance. If this were to happen, a person could be immune to beneficial antiobiotic medicines. Marker genes are inserted into GM plants to allow identification of GM cells or tissue du dance band development.The House of Lords has called for them to be phased out as swiftly as possible. The research was conducted at the request of the UKs Food Standards Agency, which released a statement saying the re search, concluded that the ilklihood of functioning DNA being taken up by bacteria in the human or beast gut is extremely low. * Genetically modified foods whitethorn clear undesirable properties. * The preservation of genetic variety in one specie is difficult. The technology make farmer to produce only one type plenteous plants. * The technology may cause undesirable degeneration.So, surprisingly, low quality products may be obtained. * Genetically modified foods may change the microbial flora of the land. It may cause deperdition of essential microorganisms on soil. This ruin natural balance. * When genetically altered microorganisms are consumed with food products, they may consolidate with human or fleshly organism. His cabal may cause deperdition, metamorphosis, or any other strange organisms. * If the foods which were made antibiotic resistant by gene technology are consumed, it may take a shit the same property to human.This cause failure of antibiotic-based treatme nts. * By this technology transferred genes may contaminate to other organisms undesirably. This may cause biologic disaster. * As a ring of nature chain, insects may be influenced by genetically modified foods and insects can develop resistant mechanism. * Even beneficial foods that carry toxic effect genes can cause human illness. * There is a risk of formation one manakin of flora. * Other organisms in the same medium may be influenced by genetically modified foods. Video Transcription.This transcription testament have somewhat mistakes because it is partially automated. Hey guys This is Heather from HealthyEatingStartsHere. com. Today I wanted to talk to you most the disadvantages of genetically modified food. I do mention genetic modification every so often and to be on the appearout for it and thats one of the reasons wherefore I buy organic foods. And whenever I mentioned I always got a lot of question what it is? Why is it with child(p)? All that kind of stuff So int roductory of all lets look out what exactly it is.Genetic modification is when a scientist, genetic send goes into the actual DNA of a seed and changes some amour most the DNA. What it is depends on what they are trying to do. Often in food crops what theyre doing is theyre slicing in a little second base of some other species of plant or animal into the seed for certain traits that they want that plant to have. So if you are a vegan and youre concern about animal rights and the use of animal products in your food, you wanna be really careful about genetically modified food because they might have some animal genes place in.And that involves not only the animal gene but obviously they are winning it from somewhere so in that location is some kind of animal experimentation red ink on. Aside from that, another thing that often comes up in question of whats the difference among genetic modification and loanblendizing? Because people have been making hybrids for a large time, is that bad? Well, the difference is with hybrid foods what theyre doing is that they are taking devil plants and theyre move them together, kind of akin mating them and producing a slightly different second generation off spring.So, its different because theyre not going actually on the actual DNA of the seeds and changing things mechanically. They are cross breeding and hybridization have been going on for a long long time since the transmission line line of agriculture really and genetic modification is very very new. It only started being experimented with in the late 1980s and because its only been on the commercial racing shell since the late 1990s. So not a lot of time they have been gathering data on what the long term do are and that is one of the important disadvantages that people talk about with genetic modification.Today I want to focus more than on the positive and look at what can we come up with as better solutions to whatever it is that people are trying to which are like genetic modification. If you want to read more about the disadvantages, I did write about them in my blogs, you can check that out at HealthyEatingstartsHere. com but over again lets take a look on the positive. The benefits that people are going for in genetic modification, one of the first one is the resistant to pesticides and herbicides.What happens there is well lets take the biggest example which is Roundup ready crops. Roundup is a chemical that is a herbicides so it pour downs plants. You probably heard of it, people use it on their lawn, stuff like that and basically just wipes everything out. And whats the company that produces Roundup called Monsanto wants to do is allow farmers to go out and spray field of crops and have Roundup kill all of the weeds that they dont want but leave the crops rearing.So what they do is they go onto the seeds of these major crops and changed it so that Roundup does not kill them. So thats one of the biggest and first use s of genetic modification and the solution there if you look at organic food production, the bases behind the whole process is about making plants sound, making the soil healthy first so that it grows healthy plants and those healthy plants wont have diseases wont get pests and will grow in healthy soil and the weeds wont even be a problem.So it eliminates the imply for these Roundup ready crops, I look upon its more complex than that but thats the the basic idea is lets look at what we want and create that rather than taking how things are and kind of putting a band aid on it and trying to make it better. So you can read a little more about this over at my blog, go check that out but I wanna hear from you guys. Leave me a comment and let me know what you call back about genetically modified foods.And whether you think there are some major disadvantages, whether you think theyre important, what you think are some thoroughly solutions that would be really awesome thing hear fro m you guys, what you think some better ways of doing things would be so let me know and Ill see you guys following(a) time. pHey guys This is Heather from HealthyEatingStartsHere. com. Today I wanted to talk to you about the disadvantages of genetically modified food. I do mention genetic modification every so often and to be on the lookout for it and thats one of the reasons why I buy organic foods.And whenever I mentioned I always got a lot of question what it is? Why is it bad? All that kind of stuff first of all lets look out what exactly it is. Genetic modification is when a scientist, genetic engineer goes into the actual DNA of a seed and changes something about the DNA. What it is depends on what they are trying to do. Often in food crops what theyre doing is theyre slicing in a little bit of some other species of plant or animal into the seed for certain traits that they want that plant to have.So if you are a vegan and youre concern about animal rights and the use of ani mal products in your food, you wanna be really careful about genetically modified food because they might have some animal genes place in. And that involves not only the animal gene but obviously they are taking it from somewhere so there is some kind of animal experimentation going on. Aside from that, another thing that often comes up in question of whats the difference between genetic modification and hybridization? Because people have been making hybrids for a long time, is that bad?Well, the difference is with hybrid foods what theyre doing is that they are taking two plants and theyre putting them together, kind of like mating them and producing a slightly different second generation off spring. So, its different because theyre not going actually on the actual DNA of the seeds and changing things mechanically. They are cross breeding and hybridization have been going on for a long long time since the beginning of agriculture really and genetic modification is very very new. It only started being experimented with in the late 1980s and then its onlybeen on the commercial scale since the late 1990s. So not a lot of time they have been gathering data on what the long term effects are and that is one of the main disadvantages that people talk about with genetic modification. Today I want to focus more on the positive and look at what can we come up with as better solutions to whatever it is that people are trying to which are like genetic modification. If you want to read more about the disadvantages, I did write about them in my blogs, you can check that out at HealthyEatingstartsHere. com but again lets take a look on the positive.The benefits that people are going for in genetic modification, one of the first one is the resistant to pesticides and herbicides. What happens there is well lets take the biggest example which is Roundup ready crops. Roundup is a chemical that is a herbicides so it kills plants. You probably heard of it, people use it on their lawn, stuff like that and basically just wipes everything out. pAnd whats the company that produces Roundup called Monsanto wants to do is allow farmers to go out and spray field of crops and have Roundup kill all of the weeds that they dont want but leave the crops growing.So what they do is they go onto the seeds of these major crops and changed it so that Roundup does not kill them. So thats one of the biggest and first uses of genetic modification and the solution there if you look at organic food production, the bases behind the whole process is about making plants healthy, making the soil healthy first so that it grows healthy plants and those healthy plants wont have diseases wont get pests and will grow in healthy soil and the weeds wont even be a problem.So it eliminates the acquire for these Roundup ready crops, I mean its more complex than that but thats the the basic idea is lets look at what we want and create that rather than taking how things are and kind of puttin g a band aid on it and trying to make it better. So you can read a little more about this over at my blog, go check that out but I wanna hear from you guys. Leave me a comment and let me know what you think about genetically modified foods.And whether you think there are some major disadvantages, whether you think theyre important, what you think are some good solutions that would be really awesome thing hear from you guys, what you think some better ways of doing things would be so let me know and Ill see you guys next time. A lot of people arent clear on what exactly genetically modified food is. Very simply, its food thats been changed on a genetic level through genetic applied science. The process usually involves splicing in a gene from a different species of plant or animal to take advantage of certain traits.Hybridization causes some confusion here, since its also a way of breeding plants (or animals) for certain traits. The difference is that hybrid food is created through cross-breeding two plants into a second generation. Genetic modification is done directly in the DNA of a seed. The main benefits producers are going for in genetically modifying food plants is a resistance to pesticides and herbicides, better tolerance of extreme weather conditions (like drought), longer shelf lives, and an increase of certain nutrients (like vitamin A-infused rice).That all sounds good on paper, but there are some serious disadvantages of genetically modified food. The most blatant one is that this GM seeds are already in far-flung use in the industrial agriculture food chain without having had long-term testing. They only started small scale experiments in the late 1980s, and large scale operations started in the late 1990s. The future effects on our health, our environment and the sustain powerfulness of our food crops arent easy to predict in the best of times, but GM foods and crops throw a real curveball in the mix.Because they are a fundamentally new organis m, theres a lot of speculation that GM foods are treated as allergens foreign invaders by our bodies. Theres also the potential of splicing in a gene that is a natural allergen. The disadvantages of genetically modified food dont stop at health and environmental concerns. There are some serious social justice issues, where farmers in developing nations (and even those in rich countries) are generating massive profits for large corporations without any gains for themselves.In fact, lots of farmers in India kill themselves because they just cant see a way out of the downward spiral of relenting for seeds that require paying for pesticides and fertilizers and machinery, then paying for more seeds and now having to pay for irrigation arrangings because their land is drying out Now, thats just a quick overview of the disadvantages of genetically modified food. I dont really like to dwell too long on the negative side of things, but sometimes its important to know why you dont do cert ain things.What I much prefer looking at is the positive side of what you can do instead. If you look at the benefits of GM crops, there isnt a need to use genetic modification to get them. Organic methods of growing food are about making plants optimally healthy, so that they dont need pesticides, fertilizers or herbicides. Growing healthy plants from healthy soil also makes for higher nutrient levels, and getting a variety of healthy foods is a better way of getting nutrients than protein-enhanced sweet potatoes or vitamin A-enhanced rice.Growing food in polycultures (lots of different types of plants together) rather than massive monocultures (like the enormous fields of corn or soy beans you see all over North America), and using different varieties of plants brings biodiversity that can better withstand extreme environmental conditions. Its like building diversity in your investment portfolio having a wide variety of stocks helps lessen the impact of one or a few companies cra shing. Local food systems make shelf liveness less of an issue. Besides, do you really want to eat rice that could last for a few years?When the farmers are the ones who are starving, there is something seriously wrong in our food supply chain. My main question is this If there are so many unknowns and disadvantages of genetically modified food, why dont we put our efforts into better solutions ones that address the root of the issues? The best way to avoid the disadvantages of genetically modified food is to grow your own and if you dont have situation or time for a vegetable garden, a jar of sprouts on the windowsill is still awesome.If you need pointers, you can watch me show just how easy it is to grow alfalfa sprouts at home. Want to know it? Answers to lifes questions Want to know it? This blog has a little bit of everything to challenge your mind and find answers to lifes questions. Home Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Food By Want To Know It Photo Credit wheat fie ld image by Soja Andrzej from Fotolia. com Genetic engineering has been practiced in the form of selective breeding throughout the history of agriculture.However, the discovery in 1953 of the structure of DNA gave scientists the ability to insert genes from one life form into those of a completely separate life form, thus arriving at the modern genetic engineering movement. Genetic engineering is fraught with controversy regarding its ethical and moral implications and health effects. Cancer Genetically modified foods share certain toxic effects on the liver, pancreas, kidneys and reproductive system that may cause cancer in these organs, according to a Greek study promulgated in the February 2009 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. The widespread use of recombinant growth hormone a genetically modified substance in the agricultural industry is associated with increases in IGF-1, a growth hormone that, in excess quantities, can lead to cancer. Sponsored Links Humanizat ion Special Rapid, Powerful, Full length IgG Short time only End-of-Year Pricing www. BioAtla. com Allergy hypersensitive receptions to genetically modified foods may arise due to the presence of proteins derived from the plant or animal used to modify the food, according to a U. S. study published in the July 2009 Toxicological Sciences. Current safety standards involve evaluation of the foreign proteins for allergenic potential, and a database of known allergenic proteins has been compiled, along with computer programs for assessing potential allergenicity of proteins. Additionally, animal and non-animal testing methods are being developed to assist in the process of screening for allergenicity. Intestinal Immunity Genetically modified corn caused an immune reaction in mice in an Italian study published in the December 2008 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Mice fed genetically modified corn for 30 days showed altered levels of white blood cells interleukins, a category of protein molecules that regulate immune function and MIP-1beta, a chemical produced by certain white blood cells that initiates inflammation. The researchers noted that young and old mice were similarly affected by the modified corn. Endometriosis Rising rates of endometriosis coincide with increased consumption of genetically modified foods over the last decade, according to a Canadian report published in the December 2010 Gynecology, Obstetrics and Fertility. The presence of pesticide residue and foreign proteins in genetically modified foods may be the culprit, say the authors, citing the low-dose hypothesis that accumulation of toxins, along with added chemicals for the stabilization and delivery of pesticides designed for use with genetically modified foods, engender the risk factors and could be harmful for their immune-toxic effects and ability to disrupt the endocrine system. Read more http//www. livestrong. com/article/345554-disadvantages-of-genetically-modified-food/i xzz2G2YGRNlT.Genetically modified food has been on the merchandise since the early 90s and since that time has attracted both positive and negative attention. Many people believe genetically modified food to be unguaranteed for human consumption and a hazard to the natural environment. There have been numerous studies undertaken to determine the risks involved with genetically engineering foods. As yet no set conclusions have been reached about the risk involved with genetically engineered food and strict guidelines have been established to regulate the genetically modified foods that can be sold to the consumer.What is Genetically Modified Food? Genetically modified food is food that has been altered at the DNA level. This is done by very circumstantial genetic engineering techniques developed by scientists. In general the aim of genetically modifying food is simple, either to make the food more marketable or make it easier to produce. Most food that is genetically modified are plant products or vegetables much(prenominal) as soybeans, corn and tomatoes. The genetic modification of crops happened prior to scientific engineering via breeding and cross pollination.This method is still used to create crops that are more resistant to pests or to produce plants that yield bigger harvests. scientific genetic engineering allows for a specific gene to be taken from one organism and transplanted into another. The gene responsible for making a plant resistant to pests can be quickly and efficiently transplanted into another plant allowing it to gain this resistant property. Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Food. There have been numerous criticisms leveled at genetically modified produce and it is important that we as the consumer are informed about the possible drawbacks of a product. Changing plants may have lasting effects on other organisms in the ecosystem. The change in a plant may cause it to be toxic to an insect or animal that uses it as its main food source. Due to the widespread use of insect resistant genes in crops the insects may become resistant to the genetic modifications.This would cause a widespread evil of crops and plants that have the natural immunity leading to a loss in biodiversity. Breeding and cross pollination across unintended species could occur resulting in things such as insect resistant weeds. Cross pollination can also occur across crops that are not genetically modified leading to lawsuits about who owns the GM technology and seed. The same thing can happen between organic crops and genetically modified crops making it difficult to maintain an organic status. A huge concern is that genetic modification could cause allergies in humans due to gene modification of plants. People may find that they are now allergic to other food products people because they contain a gene from the allergen they have. One example is the use of a Brazilian nut gene in corn. Some studies have shown that it may affect the human digestive system in a number of ways. The incorporation of substances that may interact badly with one another in food or in fact be poisonous to people may happen.The modification of certain genes may make some plant substances difficult to digest at all. A major economical concern is that the control of world food sources may be limited to large companies because they own the GM seeds and have the money to start and finish the accreditation process. Genetic modification can also make it difficult to know what you are eating, as a plant could contain animals products via genetic engineering. This could cause issues for those with dietary restrictions and religious commitments. Related Articles.